Discrimination learning in humans: role of number and complexity of rules.

abstract：:In two experiments, we examined the discrimination of photographs of individual pigeons by pigeons, using go/no-go discrimination procedures. In Experiments 1A and 1B, the pigeons were trained to discriminate 4 photographs of one pigeon from those of a number of pigeons. The subjects learned the discrimination, but th...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Nakamura T,Croft DB,Westbrook RF

更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Using the database Web of Science, a systematic search for literature on learning in Cnidaria, both non-associative and associative, was conducted. Cnidaria comprise hydras, box jellies, (true) jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, a group of animals possessing diffuse networks of nerves known as nerve nets or neural n...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cheng K

更新日期：2021-01-13 00:00:00

abstract：:We frame behavior in classical conditioning experiments as the product of normative statistical inference. According to this theory, animals learn an internal model of their environment from experience. The basic building blocks of this internal model are latent causes-explanatory constructs inferred by the animal tha...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Gershman SJ,Niv Y

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared the rate of acquisition and strength of retention of conditioned context aversion (CCA) with conditioned taste aversion (CTA) using pigmented, genetically heterogeneous mice (derived from Large and Small strains). Extending previous findings, in Experiment 1, mice accustomed to drinking from large glass bo...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Kislal S,Blizard DA

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proops, Grounds, Smith, and McComb (2018) suggest that horses remember previous emotional expressions of specific humans, and use these memories to adjust their behavior in future social interactions. Despite some methodological shortcomings, this study raises important questions on the complexity of social interactio...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Amici F

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In seven experiments, 2 squirrel monkeys were given choices between arrays of food that varied in the quantity offered. In Experiments 1-5, the monkeys were offered choices between quantities of the same food that varied in a 2:1 ratio. The squirrel monkeys failed to show the temporal myopia effect or a decrease in pr...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： McKenzie T,Cherman T,Bird LR,Naqshbandi M,Roberts WA

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The dominant theoretical approach to causal learning postulates the acquisition of associative weights between cues and outcomes. This reduction of causal induction to associative learning implies that learners are insensitive to important characteristics of causality, such as the inherent directionality between cause...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Waldmann MR,Walker JM

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Howard, Avargues-Weber, Garcia, Greentree, and Dyer (Science Advances, 5,1-6, 2019) report experiments in which honeybees initially shown a number of shapes could subsequently choose a pattern that added or subtracted one from that number. Further, the operations of addition and subtraction were cued by the colors of ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Roberts WA

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ephemeral reward task consists of giving an animal a choice between two distinctive stimuli, A and B (e.g., black and white), on each of which is placed a bit of food. If the animal chooses the food on A, it gets that reinforcer, but the other stimulus, B, is removed, and the trial is over. If it chooses the food ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR

更新日期：2020-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Consistent with human gambling behavior but contrary to optimal foraging theory, pigeons show a strong preference for an alternative with low probability and high payoff (a gambling-like alternative) over an alternative with a greater net payoff (Zentall & Stagner, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 1203-1208, 2...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Molet M,Miller HC,Laude JR,Kirk C,Manning B,Zentall TR

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Delay of reinforcement is generally thought to be inversely correlated with speed of acquisition. However, in the case of simultaneous discrimination learning, in which choice results in immediate reinforcement, delay of reinforcement can improve acquisition. For example, in the ephemeral reward task, animals are give...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present research demonstrates a conditioning order effect difference: Odor-aversion conditioning is stronger following OT+/O+ conditioning than following O+/OT+ conditioning with specific odor (O) and taste (T) cues. When a weak odor cue was used in Experiments 1A and 1B, OT+/O+ conditioning produced significantly...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Batson JD,Watkins JH,Doyle K,Batsell WR Jr

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments examined the effect of response-outcome contingencies on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Efficacy ratings generally followed the delta probability rule when positive response-outcome contingencies wer...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dack C,McHugh L,Reed P

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hungry rats were trained in a two-lever conditioning chamber to earn food reinforcement according to either a win-shift/lose-stay or a win-stay/lose-shift contingency. Performance on the two contingencies was similar when there was little delay between the initial, information part of the trial (i.e., win or lose) and...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Reed P

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When humans procrastinate, they delay completing a required relatively aversive task. In the present experiments with pigeons, we considered the possibility that completing the task close to the deadline results in the formation of a stronger conditioned reinforcer. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given a choice between...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR,Peng D,House D,Halloran M

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pearce, Dopson, Haselgrove, and Esber (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 38, 167-179, 2012) conducted a series of experiments with rats and pigeons in which the conditioned responding elicited by two types of redundant cue was compared. One of these redundant cues was a blocked cue X from ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Jones PM,Pearce JM

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Socially learned behavior can be a crucial factor in how animals interact with their environment and, thus, in conservation and management. For species in which social learning and culture are important determinants of behavior, several factors complicate conservation and management. These include the rapid spread of ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Whitehead H

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous place conditioning studies in mice have shown that injection of ethanol immediately before a conditioned stimulus (CS+) produces conditioned preference, whereas injection of ethanol immediately after CS+ produces conditioned aversion. In the present experiments, we examined the learning that occurs when ethan...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cunningham CL,Smith R,McMullin C

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pet dogs are known to be responsive to human pointing gestures, but shelter dogs have repeatedly demonstrated poor abilities to follow human pointing, although they can be explicitly trained quickly. This study evaluated the time course in which shelter dogs learn to follow points without explicit training, when given...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Jarvis T,Hall NJ

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared acquisition and performance accounts of human contingency learning. After solving a discrimination in Phase 1, in which Cue A predicted the occurrence of the outcome and Cue B predicted its nonoccurrence (A+/B-), a new discrimination (X+/Y-) was superimposed in Phase 2 (AX+/BY-). The participants were fina...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Castro L,Wasserman EA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, we assessed the role of signals for changes in the consequences of cues as a potential account of the renewal effect. Experiment 1 showed recovery of responding following extinction when acquisition, extinction, and test phases occurred in different contexts. In addition, extinction treatment in ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Pineño O,Miller RR

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats searched for food in a situation that allowed them to determine which locations contained food after searching a small number of them, but not which of the baited locations contained more-preferred food rather than a less-preferred food. During some experimental trials, the latter information was available from t...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brown MF,Saxon ME,Heslin KA

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We tested a California sea lion for visual oddity learning by presentingproblems composed ofthree two-dimensional black-and-white stimuli, two identical (S-) and one different (S+). In the first experimental stage, a single problem per session was presented until learning criterion was reached. In the second experimen...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Hille P,Dehnhardt G,Mauck B

更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I review literature on four different approaches to the study of traditions in animals: observation of free-living animals, laboratory experiment, armchair analysis, and field experiment. Because, by definition, a tradition entails social learning of some kind, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to establish that a ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Galef BG Jr

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Simultaneous protocols typically yield poorer stimulus equivalence outcomes than do other protocols commonly used in equivalence research. Two independent groups of three 3-member equivalence sets of stimuli were used in conditional discrimination procedures in two conditions, one using the standard simultaneous proto...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Imam AA,Warner TA

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the a...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brooks DC,Bowker JL,Anderson JE,Palmatier MI

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons responded on fixed-interval and fixed-ratio food schedules during sessions of extended duration. Pause lengths from the beginning of the session, when the subjects were hungry, resembled those found in open economies, whereas pause lengths from the end of the sessions, when the subjects were close to satiation...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Posadas-Sánchez D,Killeen PR

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We conducted three experiments to investigate the associative structure underlying the reinstatement of instrumental performance after extinction. In each experiment, rats were initially rewarded on two responses with different outcomes. At test, both responses were extinguished in order to assess the impact of a sing...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Ostlund SB,Balline BW

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, rats of different ages were trained in a circular pool to find a hidden platform whose location was defined in terms of a single landmark, a cylinder outside the pool. Following training, two main components of the landmark, its shape and pattern, were tested individually. Experiment 1 was perfor...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Chamizo VD,Torres MN,Rodríguez CA,Mackintosh NJ

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Behavior reduced as a consequence of extinction or intervention can relapse. According to behavioral momentum theory, the extent to which behavior persists and relapses once it has been eliminated depends on the relative training reinforcement rate among discriminative stimuli. In addition, studies of context renewal ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Miranda-Dukoski L,Bensemann J,Podlesnik CA

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00