Competition between ethanol-induced reward and aversion in place conditioning.

abstract：:In seven experiments, 2 squirrel monkeys were given choices between arrays of food that varied in the quantity offered. In Experiments 1-5, the monkeys were offered choices between quantities of the same food that varied in a 2:1 ratio. The squirrel monkeys failed to show the temporal myopia effect or a decrease in pr...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： McKenzie T,Cherman T,Bird LR,Naqshbandi M,Roberts WA

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of cognition in animals. Broadly, these hypotheses fall under two categories: those that pertain to the selective pressures exerted either by sociality or by the ecological niche in which animals live. We review these ideas and then ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Aguilar-Arguello S,Nelson XJ

更新日期：2021-01-14 00:00:00

abstract：:The main features of the Shuttle Box Active Avoidance paradigm (e.g., the use of simple locomotor response as an operant and electrical current as a primary reinforcer) make this task easily automated. However, learning in this paradigm cannot be easily separated from the specificity of fear motivation. Punishment and...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Berezhnoy DS,Zamorina TA,Inozemtsev AN

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four experiments in human instrumental learning explored the associations involving the context that develop after three trials of training on simple discriminations. Experiments 1 and 4 found a deleterious effect of switching the learning context that cannot be explained by the context-outcome binary associations com...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Gámez AM,León SP,Rosas JM

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, we examined the effect of response-outcome relations on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such efficacy ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Causal efficacy ratings were higher, and probability of an outcome given a response was lower, for ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dack C,McHugh L,Reed P

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In four trace-conditioning experiments with rats, the influence on the blocking of differences between the blocking cue-unconditioned stimulus (US) and the blocked cue-US trace intervals was explored. Experiment 1 demonstrated blocking despite the blocked cue's having a shorter trace interval than the blocking cue in ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Amundson JC,Miller RR

更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A novel learning process that does not require stimulus associations was explored in humans. The hypothesis was that two contextual stimuli taught in separate settings, with different stimuli, become equivalent if they accomplish identical functions with regard to the relations between the stimuli presented with them....

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Pérez-González LA,Díaz E,Fernández-García S,Baizán C

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the a...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brooks DC,Bowker JL,Anderson JE,Palmatier MI

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present research demonstrates a conditioning order effect difference: Odor-aversion conditioning is stronger following OT+/O+ conditioning than following O+/OT+ conditioning with specific odor (O) and taste (T) cues. When a weak odor cue was used in Experiments 1A and 1B, OT+/O+ conditioning produced significantly...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Batson JD,Watkins JH,Doyle K,Batsell WR Jr

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Various types of discrimination learning tasks, such as so-called nonconditional, conditional, and biconditional tasks, are generally held to differ in complexity and to require different amounts of training. However, rather than a difference in rule complexity, between-task performance differences may reflect a diffe...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Maes JH,Eling PA

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats searched for food in a situation that allowed them to determine which locations contained food after searching a small number of them, but not which of the baited locations contained more-preferred food rather than a less-preferred food. During some experimental trials, the latter information was available from t...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brown MF,Saxon ME,Heslin KA

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent findings have indicated that European starlings perceive overall spectral shape and use this, rather than absolute pitch or timbre, to generalize between similar melodic progressions. This finding highlights yet another parallel between human and avian vocal communication systems and has many biological implica...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Templeton CN

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three Pavlovian magazine approach experiments, rats received conditioning of auditory and visual stimuli by pairing with a pellet. Then the stimuli received additional conditioning while presented in simultaneous compound and were tested either immediately or after a delay. The compound conditioning resulted in a d...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Rescorla RA

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared acquisition and performance accounts of human contingency learning. After solving a discrimination in Phase 1, in which Cue A predicted the occurrence of the outcome and Cue B predicted its nonoccurrence (A+/B-), a new discrimination (X+/Y-) was superimposed in Phase 2 (AX+/BY-). The participants were fina...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Castro L,Wasserman EA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When humans procrastinate, they delay completing a required relatively aversive task. In the present experiments with pigeons, we considered the possibility that completing the task close to the deadline results in the formation of a stronger conditioned reinforcer. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given a choice between...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR,Peng D,House D,Halloran M

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Howard, Avargues-Weber, Garcia, Greentree, and Dyer (Science Advances, 5,1-6, 2019) report experiments in which honeybees initially shown a number of shapes could subsequently choose a pattern that added or subtracted one from that number. Further, the operations of addition and subtraction were cued by the colors of ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Roberts WA

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with the different reinforcer values of that reward, a phenomenon known as incentive relativity, which can be studied using the consummatory succesive negative contrast (cSNC) paradigm, in which the performance of animals that receive a 4 % sucrose solution after ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Justel N,Pautassi R,Mustaca A

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Delay of reinforcement is generally thought to be inversely correlated with speed of acquisition. However, in the case of simultaneous discrimination learning, in which choice results in immediate reinforcement, delay of reinforcement can improve acquisition. For example, in the ephemeral reward task, animals are give...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Appetitive, aversive and avoidance responses to a flavoured solution in distinct contexts were examined. Rats placed in either a white or black box were given access to saccharin. Consumption was followed by an injection of a toxin in one but not the other box. Rats showed more aversive responses in anticipation of an...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brown AR,Penney AM,Skinner DM,Martin GM

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An artificial-intelligence model based on deep learning developed units in a hidden layer that resembled mammalian grid cells in the hippocampus when the agent was taught to integrate paths. The full model performed sophisticated navigational tasks-in some cases even better than a human. ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cheng K

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I review literature on four different approaches to the study of traditions in animals: observation of free-living animals, laboratory experiment, armchair analysis, and field experiment. Because, by definition, a tradition entails social learning of some kind, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to establish that a ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Galef BG Jr

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We recently reported a study (Warneken & Rosati Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20150229, 2015) examining whether chimpanzees possess several cognitive capacities that are critical to engage in cooking. In a subsequent commentary, Beran, Hopper, de Waal, Sayers, and Brosnan Learning & Behavior (2015) asserted...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Rosati AG,Warneken F

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Perceptual learning has been extensively studied in both human and nonhuman animals, but the two lines of research have, for the most part, developed independently, addressing seemingly rather different issues by rather different methods. It has been argued, however, that analysis of the disparate phenomena studied in...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Hall G

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We tested a California sea lion for visual oddity learning by presentingproblems composed ofthree two-dimensional black-and-white stimuli, two identical (S-) and one different (S+). In the first experimental stage, a single problem per session was presented until learning criterion was reached. In the second experimen...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Hille P,Dehnhardt G,Mauck B

更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats received three-trial series on a T-maze consisting of extended visually distinct left-black and right-striped side runways. During the first phase of training, when allowed to select baited runways within these series, they predominantly alternated their choices. During the second phase, rats received forced-choi...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cohen J,Westlake K,Szelest I

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The reciprocal exchange of goods and services among social partners is a conundrum in evolutionary biology because of its proneness to cheating, but also the behavioral and cognitive mechanisms involved in such mutual cooperation are hotly debated. Extreme viewpoints range from the assumption that, at the proximate le...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dolivo V,Rutte C,Taborsky M

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Symmetry inference-that is, spontaneously deriving the stimulus association B-A from A-B-was recently reported in preverbal infants (Kabdebon & Dehaene-Lambertz, 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116[12], 5805-5810) and regarded as a "building block for human cognit...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Chartier TF,Rey A

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of the reinforcer in instrumental discriminations has often been viewed as that of facilitating associative learning between a reinforced response and the discriminative stimulus that occasions it. The differential-outcome paradigm introduced by Trapold (1970), however, has provided compelling evidence that r...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Urcuioli PJ

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated extinction and blocking of a conditioned inhibitor in a human contingency-learning task. Lotz and Lachnit (2009) and Melchers, Wolff, and Lachnit (2006) reported extinction of inhibition only when participants experienced outcome levels lower than those used in training. In Experiment 1, w...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Baetu I,Baker AG

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared the rate of acquisition and strength of retention of conditioned context aversion (CCA) with conditioned taste aversion (CTA) using pigmented, genetically heterogeneous mice (derived from Large and Small strains). Extending previous findings, in Experiment 1, mice accustomed to drinking from large glass bo...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Kislal S,Blizard DA

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00