Abstract:
:It is now possible to obtain accurate total counts of the bacteria of natural waters with the use of acridine orange staining and epifluorescence microscopy. This approach can be coupled to highly sensitive measurements of heterotrophic activity using radioisotopes. To accomplish this, three variations of a "specific activity index" are suggested, based on different approaches to measuring heterotrophic activity with radiolabeled organic solutes. The denominator of each index is the direct count of bacteria from a given natural sample. Three numerators are presented, each of which has been shown to vary directly with heterotrophic bacterial activity: V(max), turnover rate, and direct uptake (at high substrate concentrations). Each approach is illustrated with data from estuarine and coastal waters of northeastern Massachusetts. The data show major differences in specific activity that accompany such habitat differences as distances within or offshore from an estuary and vertical location in the water column. These and other data suggest that specific activity is a valid indicator of the physiological state and metabolic role of the bacteria. Some evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the natural bacteria are adapted to conditions of nutrient starvation by becoming "dormant," existing for an unknown period of time in a reversible physiological state that reflects the availability of organic nutrients.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Wright RTdoi
10.1128/AEM.36.2.297-305.1978keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1978-08-01 00:00:00pages
297-305issue
2eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Fructansucrase enzymes polymerize the fructose moiety of sucrose into levan or inulin fructans, with beta(2-6) and beta(2-1) linkages, respectively. The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii strain NCC 533 possesses a single fructansucrase gene (open reading frame AAS08734) annotated as a putative levansucrase p...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00377-08
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ergosterol is a membrane component specific to fungi that can be used to estimate fungal biomass using appropriate factors of conversion. Our objectives were to determine the limits of use of ergosterol content as a measure of biomass for aquatic hyphomycetes, and to evaluate a previously established ergosterol-to-bio...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.67.5.2051-2055.2001
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primers were designed to target 16S rRNA and nodD genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum from DNA extracted from two different soil types contaminated with Zn applied in sewage sludge. Numbers of rhizobia estimated using 16S rRNA gene copy number showed higher abundance than those estimated by both nodD and the most-probabl...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02232-10
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electrophoretic karyotypes (EKs) of 83 isolates were variable within agricultural and natural populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, as well as among S. sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia minor, and Sclerotinia trifoliorum. Variation in EKs was not observed within six mitotic or three meiotic lineages of isolates. EKs of 8 t...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.11.4247-4251.1996
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the benefits to the global food supply and agricultural economies, pesticides are believed to pose a threat to the health of both humans and wildlife. Chlorpyrifos (CP), a commonly used organophosphate insecticide, has poor target specificity and causes acute neurotoxicity in a wide range of species via the su...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02820-17
更新日期:2018-04-16 00:00:00
abstract::Symbioses with gut microorganisms provides a means by which terrestrial herbivores are able to obtain energy. These microorganisms ferment cell wall materials of plants to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are then absorbed and used by the host animal. Many marine herbivorous fishes contain SCFA (predominantly ace...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.68.3.1374-1380.2002
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolic and energetic characterization of the growth of Leuconostoc oenos on glucose-citrate or glucose-fructose mixtures enables the potential role of this bacterium in the wine-making process to be ascertained. Moreover, mixotrophic conditions remain a suitable means for improving biomass productivities of mal...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.60.5.1459-1466.1994
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01432-07
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01804-09
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.42.6.1057-1061.1981
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:The l-isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase (PCM) repairs protein damage resulting from spontaneous conversion of aspartyl or asparaginyl residues to isoaspartate and increases long-term stationary-phase survival of Escherichia coli under stress. In the course of studies intended to examine PCM func...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00623-16
更新日期:2016-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Aflatoxin B1 in a 5-micrograms/ml water solution was sensitive to ionizing radiation. Inactivation was assayed by the Ames microsome mutagenicity test and confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Destruction of aflatoxin B1 had already begun at 2.5 kilograms (kGy; 1 kGy = 0.1 Mrad), but a dose exceeding 10 kGy was nece...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.43.6.1317-1319.1982
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.33.4.982-985.1977
更新日期:1977-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work reports on the identification and molecular characterization of a two-component regulatory system (2CRS), encoded by serRK, which is believed to control the expression of the ser(2003) locus in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. The ser(2003) locus consists of two genes, Bbr_1319 (sagA) and Bbr_1320 (serU), whic...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01776-12
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Streptococcus iniae is a major pathogen of fish, producing fatal disease among fish species living in very diverse environments. Recently, reoccurrences of disease outbreaks were recorded in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) farms where the entire fish population was routinely vaccinated. New strains are di...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00853-08
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.5750-5755.2004
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative, xylem-limited bacterium affecting economically important crops (e.g., grapevine, citrus, and coffee). The citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) strain of X. fastidiosa is the causal agent of this severe disease of citrus in Brazil and represents the first plant-pathogenic bacterium f...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.67.5.2263-2269.2001
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00686-10
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.12.8091-8098.2005
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.4.1300-1305.1996
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.5.2687-2694.2005
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arthrobacter aurescens strain TC1 metabolizes atrazine to cyanuric acid via TrzN, AtzB, and AtzC. The complete sequence of a 160-kb bacterial artificial chromosome clone indicated that trzN, atzB, and atzC are linked on the A. aurescens genome. TrzN, AtzB, and AtzC were shown to be functional in Escherichia coli. Hybr...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.70.7.4402-4407.2004
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of hydrogenase activity to corrosion of steel was assessed by using mixed populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from corroded and noncorroded oil pipelines. Biofilms which developed on the steel studs contained detectable numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria (10 increasing to 10/0.5 cm). How...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.57.10.2804-2809.1991
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial degradation of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls proceeds by a well-studied pathway which produces benzoate and 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate (or, in the case of polychlorinated biphenyls, the chlorinated derivatives of these compounds). Pseudomonas cepacia P166 utilizes 4-chlorobiphenyl for growth and pro...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.61.2.443-447.1995
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent functional genomics and genome-scale modeling approaches indicated that B(12) production in Lactobacillus reuteri could be improved by optimization of the medium. Here we show that a series of systematic single-amino-acid omissions could significantly modulate the production of B(12) from nearly undetectable le...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02487-08
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Total DNA from 21 collection or industrial Bifidobacterium strains was cleaved with various restriction endonucleases. Following electrophoresis, the fragments were subjected to Southern blot hybridization with a heterologous [alpha-32P]dCTP-labeled rDNA (genes coding for rRNA) 23S gene probe. The ribosomal patterns a...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.60.5.1451-1458.1994
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the causal agent of take-all of wheat, varied in sensitivity in vitro to the antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) produced by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. shown previously to have potential for biological control of this pa...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.61.7.2554-2559.1995
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe here an improved method for isolating, purifying, and cloning DNA from diverse soil microbiota. Soil microorganisms were extracted from soils and embedded and lysed within an agarose plug. Nucleases that copurified with the metagenomic DNA were removed by incubating plugs with a high-salt and -formamide so...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02630-07
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria isolated from false-positive, presumptive, total coliform, most-probable-number tests of Chesapeake Bay oyster, water, and sediment samples were characterized and then classified by numerical taxonomy. A total of 538 bacterial strains clustered into 17 phena, the predominan...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.41.1.35-45.1981
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acidophilic archaea of the archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN) group from the uncultured candidate phylum "Candidatus Micrarchaeota" have small genomes and cell sizes and are known to be metabolically dependent and physically associated with their Thermoplasmatales hosts. However, phylogenetically...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02199-20
更新日期:2020-11-10 00:00:00