Abstract：
:Collective evidence supports the notion that multiple sclerosis is principally an autoimmune disease. Much of it stems from models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, generated by inoculation of animals with central nervous system antigens such as MBP, PLP, S100 and MOG or peptides thereof. Different ways of immunization and different animal species and strains mirror different aspects of the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis, such as inflammation, demyelination or axonal damage, and reflect different clinical courses. In all these models, the first immune reactions take place in lymph nodes from which immune cells migrate into the circulation and then to the central nervous system. Adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive T cells from these animals produces pathology and disease in the central nervous system of naïve healthy recipients. In the human disease, autoreactive T and B cells specific for a variety of central antigens are present in the immune repertoire. These cells appear to be activated in the periphery through a number of mechanisms which causes them to home to the central nervous system. Contact with the local immune circuitry of the brain stimulates clonal expansion of autoreactive T cells, initiating a cascade of immuno-inflammatory events in situ. Numerous ways of disrupting this complex sequence of events, either by non-specific immunosuppression or by targeting specific checkpoints, abrogate or ameliorate disease in animal models. All approved disease-modifying drugs have an impact on components of the systemic immune compartment. All have been shown to reduce the number of gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesions observed with magnetic resonance imaging, an index of acute inflammatory invasion of the central nervous system.
journal_name
J Neuroljournal_title
Journal of neurologyauthors
Hartung HP,Kieseier BC,Hemmer Bdoi
10.1007/s00415-005-5006-3keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-11-01 00:00:00pages
v30-7eissn
0340-5354issn
1432-1459journal_volume
252 Suppl 5pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：INTRODUCTION:Whether different mechanisms, particularly ocular pathology, could lead to the emergence of visual hallucinations (VH) (defined as false perceptions with no external stimulus) versus visual illusions (VI) (defined as a misperception of a real stimulus) in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains debated. We assess...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-020-09925-x
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The mechanisms of early neurologic deterioration (END) and prevention strategies for END are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CYP2C19*2 variants and END, and the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of END according to CYP2C19*2 genot...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00415-018-8998-1
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of study was to demonstrate that the first three injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) appear to be less effective in botulinum toxin naïve patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia (CD) with mild symptoms and low severity scores (TSUI-scores) at onset of BoNT/A-therapy compared to pati...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-020-10128-7
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 3 (ARCA3) is a rare inherited disorder caused by mutations in the ANO10 gene. The disease is characterized by slowly progressive spastic ataxia variably associated with motor neuron involvement, epilepsy, and cognitive decline. We performed mutational screening in 80 patients...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-018-9141-z
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our knowledge of the vestibular sensory system, its functional significance for gaze and posture stabilization, and its capability to ensure accurate spatial orientation perception and spatial navigation has greatly benefitted from experimental approaches using a variety of vertebrate species. This review summarizes t...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00415-015-7909-y
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cognitive impairment belongs to the core symptoms in MS affecting quality of life, self-esteem, and social as well as occupational functioning. Due to this high impact on patients' well-being efficient treatment concepts are required. Imaging studies on cognition have shown that functional reorganisation takes place s...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00415-007-2013-6
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare but often severe autoimmune disease with median onset around 40 years of age. We report characteristics of three very-late-onset NMOSD (including complete NMO) patients >75 years of age, in whom this diagnosis initially se...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-015-7766-8
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both neurologists and urologists might encounter patients with acute urinary retention due to benign inflammatory nervous diseases. Based on the mechanism of urinary retention, these disorders can be divided into two subgroups: disorders of the peripheral nervous system (e.g., sacral herpes) or the central nervous sys...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-006-0189-9
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of a dopamine agonist with a long duration of action has theoretical advantages in attempting to reduce the motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. We report the results of a double-blind controlled study of adding cabergoline, an ergot derivative with potent long-lasting high affinity for the D2 receptor, ...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF00878534
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cerebral ischemia of 15 min was produced in rats by increasing intracranial pressure above the systolic blood pressure level by infusing artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the cisterna magna. Pulmonary edema was prevented by blocking the vasomotor response with a ganglioplegic agent, and reducing the fluid load by pe...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00316314
更新日期：1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders affecting Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are common and disabling. A PD-specific interview-based 12-item scale, the Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (SEND-PD), has been developed to assess the severity of neuropsychiatri...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s00415-012-6490-x
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Little is known about the pattern of subacute cognitive domain impairments after ischaemic stroke, nor the temporal evolution of such impairments. Our objective was to investigate the pattern of cognitive impairment in different neuropsychological domains up to a year after ischaemic stroke. We included prospectively ...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-012-6625-0
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gait variability has potential utility as a predictive measure of dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Current understanding implicates non-dopaminergic pathways. This study investigated the explanatory characteristics of gait variability in PD on and off medication under single and dual task conditions. Fifty peo...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-010-5789-8
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Elective programs for medical students in the last year of their university training are poorly evaluated. The goal of this study was to determine the gain in theoretical and practical skills in a group of students during their elective in neurology. Students were trained by either conventional teaching meth...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-003-0255-5
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We recently reported findings that loss of cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is greater in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study we determined cognitive correlates of in vivo cortical AChE activity in patients with parkinsonian dementia (PDem, n = 11), Parkinson's disease wi...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-005-0971-0
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Levamisole seems to regulate cell-mediated immunity by restoring T-cell function. Since a deficiency of T lymphocytes has been described by various authors in multiple sclerosis patients. Of the 85 patients involved in the trial, evaluation of functional and neurological scores was possible in 54 (32 with placebo and ...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00313411
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:A study of cognitive, psychological and social aspects in benign multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods One hundred and sixty three patients with benign MS (defined as disease duration > or = 15 years and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score < or = 3.0 ) underwent neuropsychological testing on the Rao's B...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-006-0161-8
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Huntington's disease (HD) atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen has been described many years before clinical manifestation. Volume changes of the pallidum, thalamus, brainstem, accumbens nucleus, hippocampus, and amygdala are less well investigated, or reported with contradicting results. The aim of our study...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s00415-010-5768-0
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Frequent serial EEG investigations of three patients with neuropathologically confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease lasting 13, 24 and 68 weeks revealed typical periodic activity of short duration with stereotyped bilateral sharp waves at the 7th, 8th, and 12th week, respectively, after the onset of symptoms. During the...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00328506
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Additional autoimmune diseases in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their relatives have been studied many times. Studies have employed different designs, and yielded conflicting results. We performed a systematic review, and calculated overall risk of additional autoimmune diseases in people with MS and their f...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1007/s00415-012-6790-1
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A myasthenia gravis (MG) patient who seems to have recovered can later have recurrence of myasthenic signs. Clearly clinical remission does not always correspond to the normalization of all the factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In ten patients who had apparently recovered from MG, electromyographic ...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00313771
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) was examined in 39 normal potent men and in 252 patients with impaired potency of varying aetiology. For BCR evaluation minimum, maximum and mean latencies, the temporal dispersion in ten successive responses, together with minimum and maximum side differences from simultaneous recordi...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00314350
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dementia is reversible in a minority of patients, and these should be diagnosed but without subjecting the majority with irreversible disease to an excessive set of investigations. Should a battery of ancillary investigations be performed routinely in dementia? Or can these tests be carried out as clinically indicated...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s004150050311
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interferon beta (IFNbeta) therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a potential for the development of neutralising antibodies (NAbs) that negatively affect therapy. Several factors influence the development of NAbs, such as lack of complete sequence homology with the endogenous IFNbeta sequence, frequenc...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00415-006-0486-3
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the familial occurrence and apparent autosomal dominant inheritance of Sneddon's syndrome with variable clinical expression. The proband, a 40-year-old woman, presented with livedo reticularis and progressive neurological deterioration following a stroke. The diagnosis was confirmed by cerebral angiogram and...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00936890
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two cases of Addison's disease associated with myasthenia gravis are reported. This association has been described only rarely in the literature. In the first case, there were marked immunological abnormalities. It is most likely that the origin of the adrenocortical insufficiency in the second case is tuberculous. Th...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00313835
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited neuropathy with heterogeneous clinical presentation and genetic background. The axonal form (CMT2) is characterised by decreased action potentials indicating primary axonal damage. The underlying pathology involves axonal degeneration which is supposed to ...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-015-7778-4
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The seasonal occurrence of relapses was analysed retrospectively in a group of 53 patients with treated dermatomyositis (DM) or polymyositis (PM). In DM, the incidence of both myositic and cutaneous relapses was highest in summer whereas in the PM group relapses was more evenly distributed throughout the seasons but l...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004150200036
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Raised intracranial pressure in association with spinal meningeal cysts has rarely been reported. We describe four patients in whom evidence of paroxysmal raised intracranial pressure was found in association with spinal meningeal cysts. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures have previously been shown to relieve lo...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00415-005-0430-y
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Absence of AMP-deaminase was demonstrated by histochemical and biochemical methods in a muscle biopsy of a 25-year-old woman with facial and limb girdle myopathy. Venous ammonia failed to rise after ischaemic exercise. This patient further contributes to the variety of clinical pictures associated with AMP-deaminase d...
journal_title：Journal of neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00313744
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
