Abstract：
:The endosomal pathway of antigen presentation leads to the display of peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules at the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The pathway involves two major steps, invariant chain degradation and antigen processing, which take place in the late endosomes/lysosomes. So far, of the known lysosomal proteases, only cathepsin L and cathepsin S have been shown to have a non-redundant role in endosomal presentation in vivo. Besides being engaged in the degradation of invariant chain, these enzymes also mediate the processing of antigens in distinct cell types. Surprisingly, these enzymes are active in different types of APCs, and this defined expression pattern seems to be enforced by regulatory mechanisms acting on multiple levels.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Hsing LC,Rudensky AYdoi
10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00310.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-10-01 00:00:00pages
229-41eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xpii
IMR310journal_volume
207pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Nutritional status has been indicated as a contributing factor to age-related dysregulation of the immune response. Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin, is important for normal function of the immune cells. The elderly are at a greater risk for vitamin E intake that is lower than recommended levels. Vitamin...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Non-human primate (NHP) models, especially involving macaques, are considered important models of human immunity and have been essential in preclinical testing for vaccines and therapeutics. Despite this, much less characterization of macaque Fc receptors has occurred compared to humans or mice. Much of the characteri...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12366
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Considerable progress has been made in defining intermediate stages in the process leading from stem cells to mature B cells. Cell-bound and secreted molecules direct the progression through these stages and regulate the selection of clones from which the immune repertoire emerges. In fact, a myriad of signals derived...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01035.x
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cell transplantation and tissue regeneration studies indicate a surprisingly broad developmental potential for lineage-committed hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Under these conditions HSCs transition into myocytes, neurons, hepatocytes or other types of nonhematopoietic effector cells. Equally impressive is the progr...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18703.x
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In addition to its effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, estrogen has important impact on the immune system and on bone. It has also been evident that the effects of estrogen on bone to a large extent are mediated via its action on immune cells. Estrogen has a dichotomous impact on the immune system by d...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00326.x
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved from a Mycobacterium canettii-like progenitor pool into one of the most successful and widespread human pathogens. The pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis is linked to its ability to secrete/export/release selected mycobacterial proteins, and it is also established that active relea...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12251
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human T cell hybridomas were generated by several techniques and the supernatants generated were screened for activity on human B cells. Three general activities were noted; B cell proliferation factor ( BCPF ), B cell differentiation factor (BCDF), and an IgA isotype-specific helper factor. BCPF acts on B cells to in...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb00479.x
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immune system is organized as a number of distinct lymphoid organs interconnected by recirculating lymphocytes. These organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and gut-associated Peyer's patches, are compartmentalized, providing separate niches for T and B cells. In addition, regional compartmentalization of lymphoid o...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00429.x
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-cell development primarily occurs in the thymus and involves in the interactions of many important transcription factors. Until recently, no single transcription factor has been identified to be essential for T-cell lineage commitment or maintenance of T-cell identity. Recent studies have now identified the zinc fin...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00953.x
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The actin cytoskeleton network forms a key link between T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation and T-cell effector functions, providing a structural basis for T-cell morphological changes and signal transduction. Accumulating evidence positions the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), a scaffolding protein that...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12112
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the human, most IgM+IgD+ as well as CD5+ peripheral blood B cells express unmutated V genes and thus can be assigned to a pre-germinal centre (GC) stage of development. The memory B-cell compartment generated in the GC reaction and characterized by cells bearing somatically mutated V-region genes consists not only ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01447.x
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12327
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have the capacity to reconstitute all the blood cells in the body. HSC are rare, representing on average 0.05% of the mononuclear cells present in healthy human bone marrow. Due to their capacity for self-renewal and their pluripotent, long-term reconstituting potential, HSC are consider...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00972.x
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic inflammation. However, it has become increasingly clear that they also play important roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Recent advances have focused on the importance of MCs in both innate and adaptive immune...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00279.x
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hookworm infection is a major parasitic cause of morbidity in the developing nations of the tropics. Development of a genetically engineered vaccine would be a useful tool in the control of this infection in highly endemic areas. Recombinant polypeptides belonging to the Ancylostoma secreted protein (ASP)-1 family hav...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01347.x
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-cell development is a highly coordinated process that depends on interactions between thymocytes, thymic epithelium, and bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Before entering the peripheral T-cell pool, thymocytes are subject to negative selection, a process that eliminates (or deletes) T cells with high a...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00348.x
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse subset of innate immune cells that are key regulators of the host response to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 directly and indirectly modulates DC function to hinder the formation of effective antiviral immunity and fuel immune activation. This review focuses...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12082
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies of the regulation of gene expression historically focused on transcription. However, during stress and apoptosis, profound gene expression changes occur more rapidly and globally than is possible by regulating transcription. Posttranscriptional changes in mRNA processing and translation in response to diverse ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12052
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments formed after infection where activated B cells can mutate their B-cell receptors to undergo affinity maturation. A stringent process of selection allows high affinity, non-self-reactive B cells to become long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells. While the prec...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00937.x
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Directed cellular migrations underlie immune system organization. Chemokines and their receptors (along with surface-adhesion molecules) are central to these migrations, targeting developing and mature leukocytes to tissues and microenvironments suitable for their differentiation and function. The chemokine CXCL12 and...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00067.x
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells (MC) are multipotent effector cells of the immune system. They contain an array of biologically active mediator substances in their granules. MC also express a number of functionally important cell surface antigens, including stem cell factor receptor (SCFR=kit=CD117), high affinity IgER (FcepsilonRI), or C...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.790108.x
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In much of Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission....
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0127.x
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells of inbred mice reject allogeneic bone-marrow cells, and NK cells of F1 hybrid mice can reject parental bone-marrow cells (hybrid resistance). In some cases these patterns of rejection can be mimicked in vitro by utilizing IL-2 cultured NK effector cells and allogeneic or parental T-lymphoblas...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00937.x
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12664
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunity results from a complex interplay between the antigen-non-specific innate immune system and the antigen-specific adaptive immune system. The cells and molecules of the innate system employ non-clonal recognition receptors including lectins, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and helicases. B and T lympho...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00884.x
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:African trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. They are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immunosuppression. Here, we review recent work on experimental African trypanosomiasis, especially infections with Trypanosoma congolense,...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00675.x
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BioBreeding (BB) rats spontaneously develop an autoimmune diabetic syndrome similar to that observed in humans and NOD mice. One of the diabetes susceptibility loci maps to the lyp locus on chromosome 4. In this article we describe the consequences of the BB rat lyp mutation on T-cell homeostasis, repertoire and funct...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840115.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to engineer the antibody molecule has now progressed to the stage where one can realistically contemplate creating a pharmacologically useful targeting molecule comprising a single-chain, minimal antibody combining site together with a domain that imparts a second functionality. It will certainly be possib...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1992.tb01526.x
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recurrence in the V-gene repertoire of individual germline VH genes can now be extended from the restricted B-cell populations of the fetus, autoantibodies and B-cell malignancies to the expressed V-gene repertoire of normal adults. Why the human B cell preferentially utilizes these individual VH genes remains spe...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1992.tb00834.x
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
