Abstract：
:Intracerebral muscimol injection is widely used to inactivate discrete brain structures during behavioral tasks. However, little effort has been made to quantify the extent of muscimol diffusion. The authors report here electrophysiological and autoradiographic results obtained after muscimol injection (1 microg/microl) either into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (0.1-0.4 microl) or into the thalamic reticular nucleus (RE, 0.05-0.1 microl). In 52 rats, multiunit recordings were collected either in the RE or in the auditory thalamus during the 2 h following muscimol injection. Decreases in neuronal activity were observed up to 3 mm from the injection site; their time of occurrence was a function of the distance between the injection and recording sites. Because these decreases cannot be explained by physiological effects, they likely reflected muscimol diffusion up to the recording sites. Autoradiographic studies involved 25 rats and different experimental conditions. Optical density (OD) measures indicated that after a survival time of 15 min, a 0.05 microl injection produced a labeled area of 5.25 mm(2) at the injection site and a rostrocaudal labeling of 1.7 mm. Increasing the survival time to 60 min, or increasing the injected volume to 0.1 microl, systematically led to a larger labeled area at the injection site (8-12 mm(2)) and to a larger rostrocaudal diffusion (2.0-2.5 mm). Direct quantifications of radioactivity by a high-resolution radioimager validated the OD measures and even indicated a larger muscimol diffusion (up to 3.25 mm). Thus, these data point out that muscimol diffusion after intracerebral microinjection is larger than usually supposed. The relationships between these results and those obtained in behavioral studies are discussed.
journal_name
Neurobiol Learn Memjournal_title
Neurobiology of learning and memoryauthors
Edeline JM,Hars B,Hennevin E,Cotillon Ndoi
10.1006/nlme.2001.4035keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-07-01 00:00:00pages
100-24issue
1eissn
1074-7427issn
1095-9564pii
S1074742701940353journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) are considered as cellular models for learning and memory. We studied the impact of holeboard training on LTP in the rat CA1 hippocampal region. In 7-week-old Wistar rats a recording electrode was chronically implanted into the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer of the C...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2007.11.003
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cholinergic system has consistently been implicated in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Considerable work has been done to localize specific nicotinic receptor subtypes in the hippocampus and determine their functional importance; however, the specific function of many of these subtypes has yet to be determined. An al...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2006.11.001
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Learning is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom but has been studied extensively in only a handful of species. Moreover, learning studied under laboratory conditions is typically unrelated to the animal's natural environment or life history. Here, we designed a task relevant to the natural behavior of male African cichli...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
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doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2010.12.002
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the interplay among the cholinergic system, Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in the development of short and long term memories during the acquisition and recall of the step-down inhibitory ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.014
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2015.08.002
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abstract：:The neurophysiological basis for context conditioning is conceptually problematic because neurophysiological descriptions of activity-dependent (associative) forms of neuronal plasticity uniformly assume that a specific temporal relationship between signals is necessary for memory induction. In the present experiments...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1998.3890
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Testosterone (T) may enhance cognitive performance. However, its mechanisms are not well understood. First, we hypothesized that if T's effects are mediated in part through actions of its 5alpha-reduced metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and/or 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-diol) in the hippocampus, then T, DHT, a...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2006.07.001
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107355
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.018
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2011.04.002
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.002
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies have reported that drugs affecting neuromodulatory systems within the basolateral amygdala (BLA), including drugs affecting muscarinic cholinergic receptors, modulate the consolidation of many kinds of training, including contextual fear conditioning (CFC). The present experiments investigated the inv...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.012
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2007.10.009
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2014.10.011
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous work done by our laboratory has demonstrated a reduction of the post-burst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and accommodation following trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons. Our laboratory has also demonstrated a reduction in the AHP in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons following spatial learning. ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2007.07.002
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.021
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1996.0031
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Androgens can have performance-enhancing effects in some cognitive tasks, but the mechanism of these effects has not been established. Experiments examined whether androgens' actions to bind to intracellular androgen receptors (ARs) in the hippocampus are necessary to enhance cognitive performance in the inhibitory av...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2006.08.008
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Electrolytic lesions centered on the amygdaloid central nucleus (ACe) resulted in the inability of rats to acquire a Pavlovian conditional vocalization response. Conditioning consisted of pairing a light conditional stimulus with a tailshock unconditional stimulus (US). The thresholds of three unconditional responses ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1074-7427(03)00002-9
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although septal infusions of glucose typically have positive effects on memory, we have shown repeatedly that this treatment exacerbates memory deficits produced by co-infusions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists. The present experiments tested whether this negative interaction between glucose and GAB...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2007.07.008
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of bidirectional conditioning began more than a century ago, yet it has failed to take strong root in psychology and neuroscience. We revisit this topic by exploiting E. A. Asratyan's alternating procedure of stimulus presentation, in which both forward (e.g., A → B) and backward (e.g., B → A) training trial...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107211
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.018
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fetal alcohol exposure in human and rodents produces a number of cognitive deficits including impairments in learning and memory. Recent evidence in our laboratory has shown that fetal alcohol-exposed (FAE) rats respond differently to systemic administration of cholinergic drugs when tested for vigilance and locomotor...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1999.3909
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2014.11.016
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The protein product of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, was visualized immunocytochemically in forebrain neurons of gonadectomized male and female rats which were injected daily with testosterone propionate (TP) and either tested for mounting directed toward a sexually receptive female or left alone in a test arena. L...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1995.1006
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cue- and reward-evoked phasic dopamine activity during Pavlovian and operant conditioning paradigms is well correlated with reward-prediction errors from formal reinforcement learning models, which feature teaching signals in the form of discrepancies between actual and expected reward outcomes. Additionally, in learn...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2014.07.010
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several lines of evidence indicate that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A (GABA(A)) receptors regulate memory consolidation. Here we studied the effect on consolidation of the selective antagonist of GABA(A) receptors, bicuculline, given into several regions of the cortex at different times after one-trial step-do...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2004.03.002
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly labile chemical messenger which has previously been implicated in memory processes in a variety of learning paradigms and species. However, there is only limited evidence to suggest which enzymes are acted upon by NO during the formation of memory. The present study investigates the role ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.2001.4021
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Repeated exposure to an auditory stimulus leads to habituation of the electrophysiological and immediate-early-gene (IEG) expression response in the auditory system. A novel auditory stimulus reinstates this response in a form of dishabituation. This has been interpreted as the start of new memory formation for this n...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.010
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
