Abstract:
:The ability of glycerol to protect cells from freezing injury was discovered accidentally. The subsequent development of cryopreservation techniques has had a huge impact in many fields, most notably in reproductive medicine. Freezing injury has been shown to have two components, direct damage from the ice crystals and secondary damage caused by the increase in concentration of solutes as progressively more ice is formed. Intracellular freezing is generally lethal but can be avoided by sufficiently slow cooling, and under usual conditions solute damage dominates. However, extracellular ice plays a major role in tissues. Cryoprotectants act primarily by reducing the amount of ice that is formed at any given subzero temperature. If sufficient cryoprotectant could be introduced, freezing would be avoided altogether and a glassy or vitreous state could be produced, but osmotic and toxic damage caused by the high concentrations of cryoprotectant that are required then become critical problems. The transport of cryoprotectants into and out of cells and tissues is sufficiently well understood to make optimization by calculation a practical possibility but direct experiment remains crucial to the development of other aspects of the cryopreservation process.
journal_name
Semin Reprod Medjournal_title
Seminars in reproductive medicineauthors
Pegg DEdoi
10.1055/s-2002-23515keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-02-01 00:00:00pages
5-13issue
1eissn
1526-8004issn
1526-4564journal_volume
20pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章,评审abstract::Old World monkeys display physiological responses to steroid hormones that are similar to those of women. In this review, we describe cyclic morphological changes that take place within the uterus of Old World primates during the menstrual cycle. In primates, estrogen stimulates endometrial growth in the follicular ph...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1376357
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the critical role the placenta plays in governing the outcome of pregnancy, a great deal remains to be learned about this transient organ. Several factors have contributed to our relative lack of knowledge. For example, most of the placenta's development, which precedes that of the embryo or fetus, occurs duri...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2000-12569
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Susceptibility to disease begins during fetal life, and adverse events in utero are a critical factor in determining quality of life and overall health. In fact, up to 50% of metabolic syndrome diseases can be attributed to an adverse in utero environment. However, the mechanisms linking impaired fetal development to ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0031-1275523
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endocrine disrupters are exogenous substances that cause adverse effects in the endocrine system. Sexual differentiation is regulated by reproductive hormones. Male differentiation is critically dependent on normal androgen action, which in turn depends on normal production of luteinizing hormone. Other essential horm...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2002-35377
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this article the role of LH receptor gene mutations in patients with aberrant sex differentiation is discussed. In a dominant autosomal familial form of precocious puberty in boys (familial male-limited precocious puberty) LH receptor gene mutations have been identified. These single amino acid changes, mostly foun...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2002-35384
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnancy results in major changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which in turn influence fetal growth and the timing of labor. From the beginning of the second trimester maternal cortisol secretion increases, and in late pregnancy the placenta, in large part mediated through corticotroph-releasing h...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2002-36710
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trophoblast cells of the murine placenta are derived from the trophectoderm (TE) cells of the preimplantation embryo. Establishment of the TE cell lineage is the result of a cell segregation event early in blastomere division. Models of cell lineage segregation suggest it is driven by the internalization of spatial in...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0035-1570025
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human uterus mainly consists of two layers: an inner endometrium and an outer layer, the myometrium, made of smooth muscle. The uterus is characterized by its unique capacity for regeneration. This capacity permits cyclical regeneration and remodeling of the tissue over the course of a woman's reproductive life. D...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1331801
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leptin is a circulating protein produced by adipocytes that has been implicated in control of body weight through appetite regulation and control of reproduction, most likely through an effect on the central nervous system. From studies in mice, it is clear that the genetic background of the animal on which the mutati...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2002-32506
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of women in the U.S. military is dramatically increasing. Similarly, the roles of active-duty women are greatly expanding, thus exposing them to new occupational risks. Determining the impact of pregnancy outcomes for women while in the military is difficult due to changing exposures over time, difficulty i...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712929
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The maternal-fetal environment plays an important role in developmental programming of adult disease. Metabolic and hormonal dysfunction during human fetal development accompanies gestational diabetes as a common occurrence in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while human fetal androgen excess from congen...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1371087
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Induction and patterning of the testis occurs over a brief window of time. Before male-specific morphogenesis, the gonad primordium is bipotential and capable of developing into either an ovary or testis. However, expression of the transcription factor SRY initiates male development and induces patterning, proliferati...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0028-1108005
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to gonadotoxic agents for treating cancer and other diseases or postponement of maternity jeopardize the prospects of genetic parenthood and are major factors driving the development of fertility preservation technologies. Although its mainstays, cryopreservation and vitrification, have been adopted from infe...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0029-1241051
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Soon after implantation, cell lineages bifurcate into future somatic and germ cells. Canonical expression of germ cell-specific genes continues during and after their migration to the gonadal ridge, where, after further cell cycles, they enter meiosis, form syncytial clusters, and arrest at diplotene for folliculogene...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1356475
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contraceptive vaginal rings (CVRs) contain sex steroids that diffuse through a plastic polymer ring at a constant rate and are absorbed directly through the vaginal epithelium into the systemic circulation. This delivery system provides many advantages over oral contraceptives (OCs), including avoidance of the first-p...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2001-18646
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) compromises a woman's chance of conceiving with her own oocytes. Although biomarkers such as serum follicle-stimulating hormone, serum antimüllerian hormone, and assessment of antral follicle count by transvaginal ultrasound can give some general idea about ovarian activity and perh...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0031-1280921
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complementary therapies and medicines are a broad and diverse range of treatments, and are frequently used by women and their partners during the preconception period to assist with infertility, and to address pregnancy-related conditions. Despite frequent use, the evidence examining the efficacy, effectiveness, and s...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0035-1571194
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past decade there has been a resurgence of interest in the culture media used in clinical in vitro fertilization. Unfortunately, during this time more confusion than consensus appears to have developed regarding the composition of these media. In order to facilitate a clearer understanding of this field, it i...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2000-12559
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study reviews systematically the effectiveness of management strategies for carriers of a reciprocal translocation involving two chromosomes, ascertained on the basis of recurrent pregnancy loss. Subsequent pregnancy outcomes were tabulated based on whether management was medical or involved in vitro fertilizatio...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0031-1293201
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chromosome abnormalities are extremely common in human oocytes and embryos and are associated with a variety of negative outcomes for both natural cycles and those using assisted conception techniques. Embryos containing the wrong number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) may fail to implant in the uterus, miscarry, or lead ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1313908
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is the most critical modulator of reproductive function. Genetic or environmental insults to the HPG axis during developmental windows can persist into adulthood, and processes such as gonadal hormone synthesis, timing of puberty, and fertility can be affected. At the leve...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599083
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been used to assess interventions affecting health since biblical times. They provide the most valid means of measuring the true effects of intervention compared with no treatment or placebo. Although they can also be used to assess the value of diagnostic tests, this article foc...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2003-39995
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), long considered diseases of little significance to global health, represent the greatest threat to economic development and human health. The main NCDs-diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory disease-are the world's number one killer and bear the greatest burd...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1395277
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There have been few formal studies of differences in the phenotype of PCOS among women of African-American ancestry. Generally, African-American women tend to have an adverse cardiovascular risk profile when compared with women of other racial groups. The metabolic syndrome is a clinical disorder that identifies indiv...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-992922
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Successful in utero stem cell transplantations with hematopoietic or other stem cells should represent a major step forward in the management of patients with congenital, hematological, metabolic, and immunological disorders. The possibility of performing cell transplantations with stem cells across histoincompatibili...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2006-952156
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the menstrual cycle, human endometrium undergoes extensive cyclic morphologic and biochemical modifications in preparation for embryo implantation. These processes are highly regulated by ovarian steroids and various locally expressed gene products and involve inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, cell proliferatio...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0028-1096128
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is a pandemic and is associated with multiple medical problems including subfertility. Male obesity has been associated with altered semen parameters and reproductive hormonal levels, including a reduced testosterone:estradiol (T:E₂) ratio. Treatment methods employed for obesity-related male subfertility inclu...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1345272
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whereas the importance of close monitoring and tight glycemic control in diabetic pregnancies cannot be ignored, the growing body of knowledge surrounding the different effects of diabetes mellitus on the earliest stages of reproduction underscores the need for aggressive screening among reproductive-aged women at ris...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1042957
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) is widely used in assisted reproduction techniques (ART). However, hormonal treatment induces endometrial alterations that may alter implantation rates compared with natural cycles. Endometrial alterations have been observed by histological and biochemical techniques. The recent de...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-991043
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reproductive performance may be an important variable in treatment selection for unruptured ectopic pregnancy. The impact of treatment choice on reproductive performance is not known. We searched the literature and then tabulated published case reports on laparoscopic salpingostomy, multiple-dose methotrexate, single-...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-970052
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00