In vitro and in vivo assessment of the irritation potential of different spin traps in human skin.

abstract：:Experiments were done in vivo to determine the effect of oxygen at high pressure (OHP) on NAD+ and NADH in mouse brain cortex. A 7% decrease (N.S.) in NADH was found in brain cortex from mice exposed to 6 atm of 100% oxygen for 8 min, while a 20% decrease (P less than 0.01) in cortical NADH, when compared to controls,...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Dodd DE,Faiman MD

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several dicationic amphiphilic compounds, such as the immunomodulator tilorone and analogues, impair the lysosomal catabolism of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Thereby they cause lysosomal GAG storage in rats and in cultured fibroblasts of several species including man. The GAG storage is rather slowly reversibl...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Bispinck F,Fischer J,Lüllmann-Rauch R,von Witzendorff B

更新日期：1998-07-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a regular method for the detection of sensitizing chemicals in mice which measures the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in lymph node cells. We have evaluated an alternative to this method based on the interleukin-2 (IL-2) production of lymph node cells. At the mRNA level, no c...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Azam P,Peiffer JL,Ourlin JC,Bonnet PA,Tissier MH,Vian L,Fabre I

更新日期：2005-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Increased antigen-specific IgE expression is a hallmark of the allergic response in mice. IgG1 may also be involved. Co-injection of mice with diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and ovalbumin three times over a 2 week period lead to a rapid and marked elevation of ovalbumin-specific IgE, IgG1 and also IgG2a, compared with...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Heo Y,Saxon A,Hankinson O

更新日期：2001-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. WHO estimates that tobacco will become the largest single health problem by 2020, causing an estimated 8.4 million deaths annually. Tobacco has central importance in the etiology of cancers of the lung, head...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Vainio H,Weiderpass E,Kleihues P

更新日期：2001-09-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Novel dexrazoxane derivative JR-311 was prepared to investigate structure-activity relationships and mechanism(s) of protection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Its cardioprotective, antiproliferative, iron (Fe) chelation and inhibitory and/or depletory activities on topoisomerase IIbeta (TOP2B) were examined and...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Bures J,Jirkovska A,Sestak V,Jansova H,Karabanovich G,Roh J,Sterba M,Simunek T,Kovarikova P

更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The aim of this study is to explore the potent neuroprotective effect of calpeptin (CP) on neuron damage induced by acrylamide (ACR) and its mechanism. Behavioural indicators such as hind limb splay, rota-rod performance, and gait analysis were assessed weekly to evaluate neurobehavioural changes after ACR and/or CP a...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Su B,Guan Q,Wang M,Liu N,Wei X,Wang S,Yang X,Jiang W,Xu M,Yu S

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since clotrimazole, known as an antifungal drug, exerts diverse actions on cellular functions, it is expected that clotrimazole can be used for other purposes. This antifungal drug protects the cells overloaded with Ca(2+) by A23187, a calcium ionophore. Therefore, the agent may prevent the cells from death induced by...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Oyama TM,Oyama TB,Oyama K,Matsui H,Horimoto K,Nishimura Y,Oyama Y

更新日期：2006-12-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of colchicine-specific Fab fragments is of interest in human poisoning. In the present study, we show the efficacy of Fab fragments in reversing colchicine toxicity in mice. High affinity antibodies (Ka = 2 x 10(10) M-1) against colchicine were raised in goats; Fab fragments were purified by DEAE chromatograph...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Sabouraud A,Urtizberea M,Grandgeorge M,Gattel P,Makula ME,Scherrmann JM

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biodegradable nanoparticles are being considered more often as drug carriers to address pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic issues, yet nano-product safety has not been systematically proven. In this study, haematological, biochemical and histological parameters were examined on 28 day daily dosing of rats with nano- or m...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Venkatpurwar VP,Rhodes S,Oien KA,Elliott MA,Tekwe CD,Jørgensen HG,Kumar MN

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II to cause chromosomal aberrations in rats and dominant lethality in mice was studied. Five daily intraperitoneal doses ranging from 0.25 to 2.00 mg/kg/day failed to result in the observance of dominant lethal mutations in mice. Intraperitoneal doses of 0.13 and 0.52 mg/kg...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Levine BS,Preache MM,Pergament E

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Paracetamol, in toxic doses, is associated with extensive liver damage. This represents one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality in drug poisoning cases. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible potentiation of the hepatoprotective action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) by cimetidine (CMD), an inhibi...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Al-Mustafa ZH,Al-Ali AK,Qaw FS,Abdul-Cader Z

更新日期：1997-09-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell detachment and cloning efficiency of Baby Hamster Kidney cells (BHK-21 C13) were used as parameters to quantify cytotoxicity in vitro of 3 endogenous chemicals (glutathione, L-methionine, L-cysteine HCl) and 4 organotin compounds (tributyltinoxide, tributyltinchloride, tetrabutyltin, tetraphenyltin). IC50 values ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Reinhardt CA,Schawalder H,Zbinden G

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent epidemiological studies have reported associations between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and various types of human cancer; in addition, exposure to chlorine (Cl-) in drinking water has been reported to suppress certain immune functions in laboratory animals. The current studies were conducted t...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： French AS,Copeland CB,Andrews DL,Wiliams WC,Riddle MM,Luebke RW

更新日期：1998-01-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) is biofuel additive recently used in Japan and some other countries. Limited evidence shows that ETBE has low toxicity. Acetaldehyde (AA), however, as one primary metabolite of ETBE, is clearly genotoxic and has been considered to be a potential carcinogen. The aim of this study was t...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Weng Z,Suda M,Ohtani K,Mei N,Kawamoto T,Nakajima T,Wang RS

更新日期：2013-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Ferrets were maintained for 12 months on different diets (A, meat and biscuit; B, all meat; C, meat and fish; D, high fibre) to ascertain the cause of spontaneous development of fatty liver. High hepatic triglyceride contents resulted on diets B = C > D; whereas ferrets on diet A (control) showed no accumulation of li...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Shavila J,King LJ,Parke DV

更新日期：1996-08-16 00:00:00

abstract：:This study compares changes in cardiopulmonary function, selected endpoints in exhaled breath, blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) following a single, high-level 30-min nose-only exposure of rats to chlorine and phosgene gas. The time-course of lung injury was systematically examined up to 1-day post-exposur...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Luo S,Trübel H,Wang C,Pauluhn J

更新日期：2014-12-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone (GH) release and induces positive energy balances. Previous studies have reported that ghrelin inhibits apoptosis in several cell types but the precise underlying protective mechanisms in pancreatic beta cells are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated which pathway was related...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Zhang Y,Ying B,Shi L,Fan H,Yang D,Xu D,Wei Y,Hu X,Zhang Y,Zhang X,Wang T,Liu D,Dou L,Chen G,Jiang F,Wen F

更新日期：2007-07-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Metallothionein, a low molecular weight cadmium-binding protein, has been determined for the first time in urine of "itai-itai" disease patients and other Japanese women environmentally exposed to cadmium. On a group basis, the urinary metallothionein levels of "itai-itai" disease patients and suspected patients were ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Tohyama C,Shaikh ZA,Nogawa K,Kobayashi E,Honda R

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents with atropine and oximes is not sufficiently effective against all types of nerve agents. Alternative therapeutic strategies are required and bispyridinium non-oximes, acting as nicotinic antagonists, were identified as promising compounds. A pr...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Seeger T,Eichhorn M,Lindner M,Niessen KV,Tattersall JE,Timperley CM,Bird M,Green AC,Thiermann H,Worek F

更新日期：2012-04-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an inhibitor of phenol-sulfotransferases and has been used to ascertain the role of sulfation in toxicology. Recently, molybdate has been shown to inhibit the sulfation of various chemicals by decreasing hepatic concentrations of the cosubstrate, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)....

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Boles JW,Klaassen CD

更新日期：2000-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Databases in science and technology dealing with toxicology subjects are of great and increasing interest to the scientific community. International hosts pay their tribute in creating toxicology clusters as a user-aid. Toxicology clusters of DataStar, DIALOG, DIMDI and STN are listed and compared. At the German Natio...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Voigt K,Brüggemann R

更新日期：1995-06-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Although several specific micronutrient deficiencies are associated with disease progression and increased mortality risk in HIV/AIDS, and even a simple multivitamin/mineral supplement can prolong survival, this is typically viewed merely as nutritional support of the immune system, and only necessary if there are def...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Taylor EW

更新日期：2010-11-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Haptens are classified as low molecular chemicals with an intrinsic potential to covalently modify proteins, and many of them are strong inducers of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). CHS is T cell mediated, and hapten-specific T cells have been shown to interact with hapten-modified, MHC-associated peptides. However, th...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Thierse HJ,Gamerdinger K,Junkes C,Guerreiro N,Weltzien HU

更新日期：2005-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Atrazine (ATZ) is used throughout North America to control annual broadleaf weeds and grasses in various crops including; corn, sorghum, and sugar cane. Unfortunately, contamination of surface and ground water has occurred as a result of ATZ's chemical and physical properties, and its widespread use throughout the U.S...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Karrow NA,McCay JA,Brown RD,Musgrove DL,Guo TL,Germolec DR,White KL Jr

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous substances or xenoestrogens natural or synthetic, capable of interacting with different systems and altering their normal hormonal regulation, being the reproductive system one of the most affected. EDs produce their effects not only by acting on nuclear steroid receptors, but ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ponzo OJ,Silvia C

更新日期：2013-09-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Many scientists and doctors are not aware that the level of certainty for litigation purposes differs from that usually associated with scientific studies. Although the 0.05 probability level is commonly used in scientific studies ("beyond a reasonable doubt"), in U.S. civil litigation the diagnostic criteria is "more...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Singer R

更新日期：1988-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gulf War Illness (GWI) affects 25% of veterans from the 1990-1991 Gulf War (GW) and is accompanied by damage to the brain regions involved in memory processing. After twenty-five years, the chronic pathobiology of GWI is still unexplained. To address this problem, we examined the long-term consequences of GW exposures...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Abdullah L,Evans JE,Joshi U,Crynen G,Reed J,Mouzon B,Baumann S,Montague H,Zakirova Z,Emmerich T,Bachmeier C,Klimas N,Sullivan K,Mullan M,Ait-Ghezala G,Crawford F

更新日期：2016-11-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as the third gasotransmitter molecule serves various biological regulatory roles in health and disease. Acrylonitrile (AN) is a common occupational toxicant and environmental pollutant, causing brain and liver damage in mammals. The biotransformation of AN is dependent-upon reduced glutathione (...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Yang B,Zhao W,Yin C,Bai Y,Wang S,Xing G,Li F,Bian J,Aschner M,Cai J,Shi H,Lu R

更新日期：2021-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Measurement of lymphocyte proliferation to detect hypersensitivity to beryllium (Be-LPT) in vitro is done presently using a method based on tritiated thymidine incorporation. Although this method is sensitive it gives no information on cell viability or responding lymphocyte subsets. We have developed reliable and sim...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Farris GM,Newman LS,Frome EL,Shou Y,Barker E,Habbersett RC,Maier L,Smith HN,Marrone BL

更新日期：2000-02-21 00:00:00