Abstract:
:1. The present paper reviews the toxic dinoflagellates found in Singapore waters that produce toxins that can accumulate through marine food chains to cause seafood poisonings. 2. Singapore waters contain dinoflagellate species linked to three types of seafood poisoning: paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and ciguatera. 3. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and DSP occur by eating bivalve shellfish contaminated with saxitoxins and okadaic acid analogues, respectively. Shellfish accumulate these toxins from filter feeding on a number of species of (mostly) planktonic dinoflagellates. 4. In contrast, benthic species of dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus produce the ciguatoxins that are bioaccumulated into finfish to cause ciguatera. 5. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and DSP are the major concern for local and regionally produced seafood. To the best of our knowledge, ciguatera poisoning in Singapore only originates from imported reef fish.
journal_name
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physioljournal_title
Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiologyauthors
Holmes MJ,Teo SLdoi
10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03724.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-09-01 00:00:00pages
829-36issue
9eissn
0305-1870issn
1440-1681pii
3724journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::1. There has been considerable recent interest in the possibility that increased intake of dietary anti-oxidants may protect against cardiovascular disease. This is partly due to the knowledge that oxidative events in vivo may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 2. While dietary anti-oxidants, such as ...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03214.x
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, by micro-injection of the substance P analogue [pGlu5,MePhe8,Sar9] substance P (DiMe-C7) into the ventral tegmental area induced a prolonged increase in blood pressure and circulating levels of vasopressin. 2. In the present study, this treatment produced a significant...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02264.x
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Rabbits were treated with the antiparasitic drug ivermectin at subcutaneous doses of 0.2, 1 and 2.5 mg/kg and blood collected weekly for 4 weeks thereafter for measuring some blood parameters. At a dose of 0.2 or 1 mg/kg the drug had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured. At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, t...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01273.x
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic low back pain (LBP) has high prevalence in the adult population which is associated with enormous disability. Hence, our aim was to further characterise our LBP rat model by using immunohistological and immunohistochemical methods at an advanced stage (day 49) of the model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaest...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13402
更新日期:2020-09-05 00:00:00
abstract::1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endothelium in mediating the response to acetylcholine in the thoracic aorta and coronary vessels of rats exposed to cigarette smoking. Total serum cholesterol was measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. 2. The relaxation response to acetylcholine was s...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02031.x
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possibility that serotonin (5HT) nerve endings in the dorsomedial medulla oblongata participate in the control of blood pressure was investigated in stroke-prone hypertensive rats and in normotensive rats. 5HT nerves were destroyed by injecting 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine bilaterally into the solitary tract nucleus. I...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1983.tb00196.x
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chemotherapy resistance is a major contributor to poor treatment responses and tumour relapse, the development of which has been strongly linked to the action of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Mounting evidence suggests that CSCs are reliant on low oxygen conditions and hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF1α and HIF2α)...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12693
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of variation in dietary sodium intake on biochemical indices of sympathetic activity were investigated in normal subjects. Sodium restriction for 7 days (mean urinary sodium excretion 21 mmol/day, s.e.m. = 4) increased supine plasma noradrenaline concentration significantly (1.78 nmol/l, s.e.m. = 0.23) com...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1984.tb00253.x
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. In cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose, electrical stimulation (ES) of the trigeminal ganglion produced a fall in blood pressure, a predominantly ipsilateral dilatation in the common carotid vascular bed and bilateral dilatation of the middle meningeal vascular bed. Section of the trigeminal root abolished the...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01206.x
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Despite the array of sophisticated imaging techniques available for biological applications, none of the standard biomedical techniques adequately provides the capability to measure motion and flow. Those techniques currently in use are particularly lacking in spatial and temporal resolution. 2. Herein, we introduc...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05102.x
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The aims of the present study were to investigate the pharmacological effects of quercetin on wild-type (WT) and mutant (I502A) human (h) Kv1.5 channel currents (I(kur)) and to identify whether mutation in the S6 segment is critical to activation of I(kur) by quercetin. 2. Experiments were performed on WT and site-...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05061.x
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Direct evidence is limited for the association between heart rate variability (HRV) indices and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTAs). While galectin-3 (Gal-3) is regarded as a causal factor for cardiac remodelling and a biomarker for arrhythmias, its regulation on VTAs and HVR is unknown. Using aged transgenic (TG) mic...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13275
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Evidence gathered in recent years has revealed microRNAs (miRNAs) fine-tune gene expression and play an important role in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. 2. The present review summarizes current knowledge of miRNA pathways in the pathogenesis of cance...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05269.x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiotoxin (CTX) III, a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of CTX III in human leukaemia (HL-60 cells). Cardiotoxin III activated the en...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04968.x
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effects of ethacrynic acid were studied on relaxations elicited by nitric oxide (NO), the NO-donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), nitrergic nerve stimulation and the NO-independent agent papaverine in isolated preparations of rat anococcygeus muscles. 2. Ethacrynic acid (100 mumol/L)...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02515.x
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Cardiovascular events and outcome in septic shock may be predicted by monitoring the fall in intramural pH (pHi), as an index of splanchnic perfusion and mucosal ischaemia. In the present study, a small animal model for monitoring the changes of gastric pHi or intramucosal [H+] following challenge with the endotoxi...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03432.x
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study tested the hypothesis that the initial fall in arterial pressure evoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mediated by the ventrolateral column of the midbrain periaqueductal gray region (vlPAG). To test this hypothesis, the local anaesthetic lidocaine (2%; 0.1 μL, 0.2 μL or 1.0 μL), the delta opioid receptor a...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12573
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Effects of FR139317, an endothelin ETA receptor antagonist, on renal haemodynamic and excretory responses to acute nitric oxide (NO) blockade were examined using anaesthetized rats. 2. Intrarenal arterial infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine (NOARG), the NO synthase inhibitor, at a rate of 40 micrograms/kg per min, prod...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02229.x
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The contractile effects of tea polyphenols (TP) and its four principle catechins, namely (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), on rat aorta contractility were investigated using the isometric tension recording technique. 2. At co...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03796.x
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. In the present study, the effects of the administration of adenosine on absence seizures were investigated in the Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) strain of rats, which are an adequate model for human absence epilepsy. 2. After baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, adenosine was injected intraperiton...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03499.x
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Patients were grouped into categories of 'no airways disease', 'obstructive airways disease without response to bronchodilator' and 'obstructive airways disease with bronchodilator responsiveness'. 2. Cyclic nucleotides were assayed in specimens of lung tissue that were excised during surgery. 3. Reduced levels of ...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1979.tb00013.x
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The use of the isolated lung strip and single open tracheal ring for studying Schultz Dale anaphylactic contractions in both the peripheral and central airways is described. 2. This method is particularly relevant to studies of anaphylaxis because many preparations may be obtained from a single sensitized animal. 3...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1979.tb00046.x
更新日期:1979-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. In order to investigate further whether the increased sensitivity to inhibition by nifedipine of the responses to noradrenaline of aortae from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats is related to the development of the hypertension, we have compared the sensitivity to noradrenaline, potassium chloride...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01912.x
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Responses of splenic diameter measured by sonomicrometry to alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulants were estimated together with simultaneously measured systemic arterial and splenic venous concentrations of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets (PLT) in anaesthetized dogs. 2. Intravenous and...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03598.x
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors slows the rate of progression of nephropathy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Paradoxically, however, chronic ACE inhibitor therapy has been reported to be associated with induction of ACE in the plasma. W...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01226.x
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The P2X7 receptor is a ligand-gated purinergic receptor activated by extracellular ATP. The receptor is highly expressed in immune cells and in the brain, and, upon activation, the P2X7 receptor allows a cation flux, leading to the distinct activation of intracellular signalling pathways as the secretion of pro-inflam...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13079
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effects of ATP and some of its more stable analogues have been examined upon preparations of epididymal and prostatic halves of vasa deferentia and of cauda epididymides from rats that had undergone vasectomy by medial transection of the vas deferens. 2. After unilateral vasectomy, the potencies of ATP, beta, g...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01358.x
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effects of volume depletion and NaHCO(3) loading on the expression of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), Na(+) : HCO(3)(-) cotransporter type 1 (NBC1) and neuronal (n) and inducible (i) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were determined in rat kidney. 2. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Rats w...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04837.x
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The administration of aldosterone to adrenalectomized rats produces an increase in K+ and decrease in Na+ excretion in the urine. The relationship of the post-aldosterone to the pre-aldosterone urinary sodium and potassium excretion is termed the renal response to aldosterone. 2. The administration of L-dopa enhanc...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1979.tb00011.x
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effects of bromocriptine and indomethacin on prolactin-induced pseudopregnancy were studied in pituitary grafted rats. 2.Administration of bromocriptine (a prolactin suppressant drug) at a total dose of 3 mg/kg body weight, given in 3 divided doses on day 5 of pseudopregnancy, effectively terminated it within 3...
journal_title:Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1980.tb00079.x
更新日期:1980-05-01 00:00:00