Modulation of sensory nerve function in the airways.

abstract：:During the past decade remarkable progress in molecular genetics and the possibility of manipulating cells so that the expression of genes can directly 'report' on drug activity has produced major changes in drug development strategies. The recent description and pharmacological validation of reporter mice for in vivo...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Maggi A,Ottobrini L,Biserni A,Lucignani G,Ciana P

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several lines of evidence suggest that adenosine may be an endogenous protective agent in cerebral ischaemia. Adenosine is normally present in the extracellular fluid in most tissues of the body, including the brain, and its level increases dramatically following hypoxia or ischaemia. The rate of adenosine production ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Rudolphi KA,Schubert P,Parkinson FE,Fredholm BB

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advances in the understanding of the sense of smell have increased awareness of the role of olfaction in human life. Odors are perceived via specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with cAMP as the second messenger. Drugs that interact with this signaling cascade, such as opioids, cannabinoids and sildenafil, are...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Lötsch J,Geisslinger G,Hummel T

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1964, the psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis sativa, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated. Nearly 30 years later the endogenous counterparts of THC, collectively termed endocannabinoids (eCBs), were discovered: N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) (AEA) in 1992 and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in 1995...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Maccarrone M,Bab I,Bíró T,Cabral GA,Dey SK,Di Marzo V,Konje JC,Kunos G,Mechoulam R,Pacher P,Sharkey KA,Zimmer A

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of T cells vitally influence Ca2+-dependent signals that lead ultimately to cytokine secretion, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Conventional models depict the Ca2+ inrush across the T-cell membrane following T-cell receptor engagement as being due to Ca2+-release-activated Ca...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Kotturi MF,Hunt SV,Jefferies WA

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Receptors, enzymes, and ion channels are traditional targets of therapeutic development. A common strategy is to target these proteins with agents that either activate or suppress their activity with ligands or substrates that occupy orthosteric sites or have allosteric interactions. An alternative approach involves r...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Conn PM,Spicer TP,Scampavia L,Janovick JA

更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of immunomodulatory receptors whose functions are regulated by their glycan ligands. Siglecs are attractive therapeutic targets because of their cell type-specific expression pattern, endocytic properties, high expression on certain lymphomas/l...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Angata T,Nycholat CM,Macauley MS

更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tissue factor (TF) is the cellular receptor and cofactor for blood coagulation factor VII (FVII). Exposure of flowing blood to cells that express TF leads to the initiation of blood coagulation. A recent study of mice expressing low levels of TF has demonstrated the importance of TF and FVII in maintaining adequate ha...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： McVey JH

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular multimeric protein complex which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various human inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Recently, various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been reported to be involved in the activ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Tang T,Gong T,Jiang W,Zhou R

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept that receptors can exist in multiple conformational states is becoming a physical reality. A fundamental question is how many active states need to be proposed in order to account for pharmacological observations, in particular, the finding that the same receptor type can exhibit a different agonist pharma...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Leff P,Scaramellini C,Law C,McKechnie K

更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our growing understanding of the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has opened new avenues for developing targeted therapies. These advances in treatment options targeting different mechanisms of action offer new hope for personalized management. In this review we highlight emerging novel and easil...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Coskun M,Vermeire S,Nielsen OH

更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A diet low in carbohydrates helps to reduce the amount of ingested calories and to maintain a healthy weight. With this in mind, food and beverage companies have reformulated a large number of their products, replacing sugar or high fructose corn syrup with several different types of zero-calorie sweeteners to decreas...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Servant G,Tachdjian C,Li X,Karanewsky DS

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular transfer of proteins is a mode of communication between cells that is crucial for certain physiological processes. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for approximately 50% of all cancers. However, multidrug resistance mediated by drug-efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) minimizes the effective...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Ambudkar SV,Sauna ZE,Gottesman MM,Szakacs G

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steroid hormones are recognized as producing their major long-term effects on cell structure and function via intracellular receptors acting on the expression of genes. There is now increasing evidence that steroids also affect the surface of cells and alter ion permeability, as well as release of neurohormones and ne...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： McEwen BS

更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oxidative stress is a key pathologic factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases (AD, PD). The failure of free-radical-scavenging antioxidants in clinical trials pinpoints an urgent need to identify and to block major sources of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. As a maj...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Gao HM,Zhou H,Hong JS

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes metabolize a wide variety of xenobiotics including many drugs. Because CYP3A is localized in both the liver and intestine, it can make a major contribution to the presystemic elimination of substrate drugs after oral administration ('first-pass metabolism'). However, assessments of t...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： van Herwaarden AE,van Waterschoot RA,Schinkel AH

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are tetrameric ion channels containing two of four possible GluN2 subunits. These receptors have been implicated for decades in neurological diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia and schizophrenia. The GluN2 subunits substantially contribute to functional diver...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Ogden KK,Traynelis SF

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Release of cytotoxic granule proteins from activated eosinophil granules is considered to be a key pathogenic mechanism in eosinophilic diseases. Degenerated eosinophils and extracellular eosinophil granules have been repeatedly depicted. The present overview describes evidence that eosinophil lysis and distribution o...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Persson CG,Erjefält JS

更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been suggested that G protein-coupled receptors can act as proton transporters, with the activated G protein-coupled receptor transporting H+ across the membrane from the extracellular side to the cytoplasm. In this article, Paul Nederkoorn, Henk Timmerman and Gabriëlle Donné-Op den Kelder summarize the various...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Nederkoorn PH,Timmerman H,Donné-Op den Kelder GM

更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene. This Science & Society article focuses on pharmacological strategies that attack RTT treatment from multiple angles, including drug repurposing and de novo discovery efforts, and discusses the imp...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Gogliotti RG,Niswender CM

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has attracted the attention both of the scientific community and a general audience because of its prosocial effects in mammals, and OT is now seen as a facilitator of mammalian species propagation. Furthermore, OT is a candidate for the treatment of social deficits in sever...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Chini B,Verhage M,Grinevich V

更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The affinity of a drug candidate for a biological membrane (its lipophilicity) is closely related to the pharmacologically crucial events of absorption, biodistribution, metabolization and excretion. The evolution of knowledge of biological membranes during the past two decades contrasts with the rudimentary parameter...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Ribeiro MM,Melo MN,Serrano ID,Santos NC,Castanho MA

更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans are exposed to mixtures of chemicals, rather than to individual chemicals. From a public health point of view, it is most relevant to answer the question of whether or not the components in a mixture interact in a way that results in an increase in their overall effect compared with the sum of the effects of th...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Groten JP,Feron VJ,Sühnel J

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyclic AMP (cAMP) steers the generation of basal heart beat in the sinoatrial node. It also induces sinoatrial tachycardia and increased cardiac force, elicited through activation of Gs-protein-coupled receptors (GsPCRs). Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyse cAMP. In the heart mainly PDE3 and PDE4 would be expected to ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Kaumann AJ

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Until recently, release studies have failed to indicate the existence of autoreceptors on motor nerves. Ignaz Wessler now reports on a refinement of the technique - the measurement of newly synthesized [3H]acetylcholine released from the phrenic nerve - which provides clear evidence in support of release-modulating au...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Wessler I

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pharmacology as a modern science was introduced in China approximately 150 years ago, and has been used since then to study traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Pharmacology has experienced its own development over this time and continues to provide new tools for the study of TCM. In the present review, three models fo...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Liu X,Wu WY,Jiang BH,Yang M,Guo DA

更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a very large superfamily of evolutionarily related receptors (>800 members in humans), and due to the rapid progress on their structural biology, they are ideal candidates for polypharmacology studies. Broad screening and bioinformatics/chemoinformatics have been app...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Jacobson KA,Costanzi S,Paoletta S

更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Degradation of heme requires its conversion to biliverdin (BV) by heme oxygenase, followed by reduction of BV to the free-radical quencher bilirubin (BR) by biliverdin reductase (BVR). It is now recognized that human BVR (hBVR) is a dual-specificity kinase (Ser/Thr and Tyr) upstream activator of the insulin/insulin gr...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Kapitulnik J,Maines MD

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Approximately 27 million people are living with a tumour in which the tumour suppressing activity of p53 has been inactivated. In half of these tumours, p53 itself is not mutated but the pathway is partially abrogated. Mechanisms include the overexpression of negative regulators of p53, such as MDM2 and MDM4, and dele...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Brown CJ,Cheok CF,Verma CS,Lane DP

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs predominantly found in microorganisms. Increasing evidence supports a role for TLRs in sterile inflammation as observed in neurodegenerative disorders. This includes work suggesting a contribution for these receptors to t...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Drouin-Ouellet J,Cicchetti F

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00