Abstract：
:This paper generates and analyses survey data on inequalities in mortality among infants and children aged under five years by consumption in Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, and Viet Nam. The data were obtained from the Living Standards Measurement Study and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Mortality rates were estimated directly where complete fertility histories were available and indirectly otherwise. Mortality distributions were compared between countries by means of concentration curves and concentration indices: dominance checks were carried out for all pairwise intercountry comparisons; standard errors were calculated for the concentration indices; and tests of intercountry differences in inequality were performed. :Analyzed is survey data on inequalities among infants and children under age 5 years by consumption in Brazil, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, and Vietnam. Data were gathered from the Living Standards Measurement Study and Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Mortality rates were estimated directly where complete fertility histories were available. Comparisons of mortality distributions between countries by means of concentration curves and concentration indices: dominance checks, standard errors, and tests of inter-country differences in inequality were performed. The analysis revealed that the application of concentration curves and indices to the data showed that inequalities in infant and under age 5 years mortality favor the better off, and that these inequalities vary between countries. Under age 5 years mortality inequalities were especially high in Brazil and rather high in Nicaragua and the Philippines. They were lower in Cote d'Ivoire, Nepal, and South Africa, but higher in these countries than in Ghana, Pakistan, and Vietnam.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Wagstaff Asubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-01-01 00:00:00pages
19-29issue
1eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Immunization of non-pregnant women in rural Bangladesh with two doses of aluminium-adsorbed tetanus-diphtheria toxoids reduced neonatal mortality by one-third during a period of 9-32 months after vaccination. The reduction in mortality rate was attributable almost entirely to a 75% lower mortality rate among 4-14-day-...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At present there is no reliable test for use under field conditions for assessing cure in schistosomal infections. It had previously been found that in such infections the excretion of beta-glucuronidase in the urine is increased, but a test based on this fact would be impracticable in the field because of the need to...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Investigators using questionnaires are usually confronted with an enormous number of different responses whose significance with respect to a particular characteristic is not immediately clear. This paper presents a simple computational technique for determining the relative merits of each question and a score for eac...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article provides an overview of the current Chinese health care system with particular emphasis on rural-urban differences. China's post-1978 economic reforms, although they improved general living standards, created some unintended consequences, as evidenced by the disintegration of the rural cooperative medical...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cross-reactivity of filarial heteroantigens, the non-availability of adult Wuchereria bancrofti for antigen extraction, and the lack of structural information on purified filarial heteroantigens make the serological diagnosis of W. bancrofti infection in man a difficult problem. The use of immune sera from cattle ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：Objective:To estimate the level and trend of development assistance for community health worker-related projects in low- and middle-income countries between 2007 and 2017. Methods:We extracted data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's creditor reporting system on aid funding for projects t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.19.235499
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The efficacy of standard potency Edmonston-Zagreb (E-Z) measles vaccine was tested in a randomized trial of Black infants in a rural area of South Africa where a measles epidemic was occurring. The following immunization schedules were used: 48 infants aged 4-8.5 months who received 3.9 log 50 infectious units of E-Z ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine the impact of maternity waiting homes on the use of facility-based birthing services for women in two remote districts of Timor-Leste. METHODS:A before-and-after study design was used to compare the number of facility-based births in women who lived at different distances (0-5, 6-25, 26-50 and > 5...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.11.088955
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As stocks of the first International Standard for Chorionic Gonadotrophin were running low, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization authorized the National Institute for Medical Research, London, in 1960 to proceed with arrangements to replace it. This paper describes the nature and handling of the prop...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The author reviews the agricultural use of night-soil, sewage, and sewage sludge from two points of view: the purely agricultural and the sanitary.Knowledge of the chemistry and bacteriology of human faecal matter is still rather scant, and much further work has to be done to find practical ways of digesting night-soi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In many developing countries the haemoglobinopathies (thalassaemias and sickle-cell disorder) are so common that they provide a convenient model for working out a genetic approach to control of chronic childhood diseases. At present, about 250 million people (4.5% of the world population) carry a potentially pathologi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The changing epidemiological and distribution patterns of Japanese encephalitis in various southern and east Asian countries are described. Immunization is considered to be the only practical way to control the infection. Several vaccines have been developed and two types of inactivated vaccine are now available for u...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PROBLEM:In many countries, the tuberculosis (TB) annual case detection rate is below the target of 70%. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2005, it did not exceed 55% APPROACH:The DOTS strategy promotes passive case detection of TB. In order to increase the detection rate, we validated a questionnaire targetin...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.06.038539
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Egg-yolk lecithin prepared as described in the second edition of of the WHO monograph on cardiolipin antigens was known to be satisfactory, but documentation was incomplete. In this paper, the authors discuss results of comparisons between egg-yolk lecithin and lecithin of beef-heart origin, carried out in four separa...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper describes the research conducted by a WHO collaborative study group for the development of a questionnaire method for the assessment of quality in child-care settings. The results of an inter-rater reliability study undertaken in Greece and Nigeria suggest that the Child Care Facility Schedule (CCFS), compo...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malaria parasites in mice present a simplified rodent model for the immunological study of malaria. Experiments have been performed to determine the pattern and persistence of malaria antibody as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test utilizing specific antimouse IgM and IgG conjugates. The antibody ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All sewage and water treatment processes remove or destroy viruses. Some treatment methods are better than others, but none is likely to remove all of the viruses present in sewage or in raw water. Primary settling of solids probably removes a great many of the viruses in sewage because viruses are largely associated ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether vaccination against measles in a population with sustained high vaccination coverage and relatively low child mortality reduces overall child mortality. METHODS:In April and May 2000, a population-based, case-control study was conducted at Ballabgarh (an area in rural northern India). El...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of decentralized treatment and care for patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, in comparison with centralized approaches. METHODS:We searched ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane library, Embase®, Google Scholar, LILACS, PubMed®, Web of Science and the World Health Orga...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.2471/BLT.17.193375
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Of 10 000 compounds tested for tissue schizontocidal activity in a Plasmodium gallinaceum-chick model, 157 were also tested in a definitive mouse test (DMT) and 277 in a rhesus monkey test (RMT). The results in the avian model were 78% and 55% in agreement with those of the DMT and RMT, respectively. This result is no...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thiotepa and its oxygen analogue tepa, used to chemosterilize males of Culex pipiens fatigans for genetic control purposes, are toxic and mutagenic. An investigation showed that adult mosquitos that had been treated as pupae showed no detectable chemosterilant in their tissue 24 hours after emergence from the pupal st...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment-namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard w...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School o...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.07.045393
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cholera, which had been spreading throughout the south-west Pacific in 1961, broke out in Hong Kong in August of that year. The outbreak lasted about six weeks, and recurred in 1962 and 1963; but whereas the 1961 outbreak resembled classical cholera, in the succeeding years the pattern changed. The disease, though sti...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：Objective:To assess the outcomes of children diagnosed with hearing impairment 3 years earlier in terms of referral uptake, treatment received and satisfaction with this treatment, and social participation. Methods:We conducted a population-based longitudinal analysis of children with a hearing impairment in two rural...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.18.226241
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Agglutinating antibodies produced in an adult rabbit in response to intravenous injections of live Leptospira sp. (serotype biflexa, strain Waz), consisted of a 19S component (present at day 6 after inoculation) and a 7S component (present at day 6 after inoculation). Both 19S and 7S antibodies persisted in the serum ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Statistics have been compiled to show the relation of the numbers of physicians, medical schools, and students to areas and populations throughout the world. Some of the figures are estimates and assumptions, and because of this the author repeatedly warns against tempting deductions and conclusions.This quantitative ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The deposit or precipitate formed after storage at -20 degrees C of allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus contains a considerable amount of the virus. It has been found that by treatment of this material, after thawing, with sodium chloride and subsequent purification of the treated fluid, all the virus origi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To test the applicability of lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma. METHODS:Prevalence of active trachoma in six communities was found by examining all children aged 2-5 years. Trial surveys were conducted in these communities. A sampling plan app...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
