Abstract:
:The clinical significance of micro-organisms in semen samples of asymptomatic subfertile patients is a matter of constant debate. Usually little attention is paid to anaerobic bacteria as they are sensitive to transportation and culturing, and differentiation is difficult, costly and time-consuming. In the present study, special screening was carried out for anaerobes in ejaculates in addition to the routine microbial cultures of genital secretions of both partners. In addition to standard semen analysis and evaluation of sperm ability to penetrate cervical mucus (CM) in vivo (post-coital testing) and in vitro using a standardized test system, semen samples from 126 randomly chosen males of couples with a median duration of infertility of 4 years were examined for colonization with anaerobic bacteria. All couples were without clinical signs or symptoms of genital tract infection. The special care taken for anaerobic growth in semen samples gave a high rate of positive cultures and showed that nearly all ejaculates (99%) were colonized with anaerobic micro-organisms, and potentially pathogenic species were found in 71% of men. This rate was more than four times higher than that obtained with routine cultures and standard transportation (16%). Anaerobic bacterial growth of > or = 10(6) colony forming units (CFU)/ml was seen in 42% (total range 10(3)-10(8) CFU/ ml). In addition, aerobic growth was found in 96% (> or = 10(6) CFU/ml in 21%), potentially pathogenic species in 61% of semen specimens. There were no marked differences in the prevalence of anaerobic micro-organisms in patients with reduced or normal sperm count, motility or morphology. Nor was there any significant difference in anaerobic colonization between samples with impaired or good ability to penetrate CM of female partners (in vivo or in vitro), or the CM of fertile donors in the in-vitro sperm-cervical mucus penetration test (SCMPT) in this asymptomatic group of patients. There was no clear association between microbial colonization and subsequent fertility in vivo within an observation period of 6 months. The results of this study suggest that anaerobic bacteria are often not detected when routine methods for microbial evaluation are used. This should be considered during assisted reproduction and in patients with symptoms of genital tract infection and should lead to further studies in infertile patients where subclinical infection or inflammation is indicated by specific markers in semen samples.
journal_name
Hum Reprod Updatejournal_title
Human reproduction updateauthors
Eggert-Kruse W,Rohr G,Ströck W,Pohl S,Schwalbach B,Runnebaum Bdoi
10.1093/humupd/1.5.462subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-09-01 00:00:00pages
462-78issue
5eissn
1355-4786issn
1460-2369journal_volume
1pub_type
杂志文章abstract::BACKGROUND Endometriosis associated with pain symptoms in adolescents has been extensively reported, but the exact prevalence is unclear because pain symptoms may be atypical and endometriosis can only be diagnosed by laparoscopy. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the prevalence of endometrios...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt016
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::From a public health viewpoint, the intrauterine device (IUD) is the most widely used contraceptive method in the world. Prevalence rates range among countries from 2 to 80% of contraceptive users. During 5 years of IUD use, pregnancy occurs in less than 2 per 100 insertions. Bleeding and pain are the most common reas...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn003
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The signals and mechanisms that synchronize the timing of human parturition remain a mystery and a better understanding of these processes is essential to avert adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although our insights into human labor initiation have been informed by studies in animal models, the timing of parturition relati...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw022
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGFBP-1) is particularly important in human female reproductive physiology, where it is involved with other factors in a complex system which regulates menstrual cycles, puberty, ovulation, decidualization, implantation and fetal growth. This has implications for clinical obstetrics and g...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/6.5.495
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protamines are the major nuclear sperm proteins. The human sperm nucleus contains two types of protamine: protamine 1 (P1) encoded by a single-copy gene and the family of protamine 2 (P2) proteins (P2, P3 and P4), all also encoded by a single gene that is transcribed and translated into a precursor protein. The protam...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dml009
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ovarian follicular development occurs in a hierarchical manner with each follicle having a unique biochemical composition at any moment in time. It has long been understood that a precise coordination between the growth and maturation of the oocyte and adjacent follicular cells (i.e. somatic cells) is essential in ord...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh061
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Single-dose and multiple-rising dose studies of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) in hypogonadotrophic male and female volunteers demonstrated that the rate of FSH absorption after i.m. injection is higher in men than in women. In the absence of endogenous FSH, a correlation between serum FSH and body we...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/2.2.153
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Every year 30% of individuals above age 65 fall, and falls are the principal cause of bone fractures. To reduce fracture incidence requires both prevention of falls and maintenance of bone strength. METHODS:PubMed searches were performed, for studies of the epidemiology of fractures, bone physiology, endocr...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq008
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1987, Nigel Harris cautioned against over-diagnosing the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In what was a rather prophetic editorial titled 'The Syndrome of the Black Swan', he suggested that while patients with APS do indeed exist, they are probably much more unusual than many medical professionals might like to bel...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1093/humupd/dms020
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The use of nuclear transfer (NT) has been proposed as a novel reproductive treatment to overcome the transmission of maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Pathogenic mutations in mtDNA can cause a wide-spectrum of life-limiting disorders, collectively known as mtDNA disease, for which the...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx018
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mast cells (MCs) are the classical mediators of allergy, however, their importance in the development of innate and adaptive immune responses is increasingly being recognized. Herein, the present MC literature is summarized, with particular focus on studies of MCs in the endometrium and myometrium, and their...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq053
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate whether the addition of GnRH agonist for luteal support in ICSI/IVF cycles enhances the probability of live birth. METHODS:Systematic literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and RCT registries) was conducted to identify relevant randomi...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr029
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of laparoscopic techniques for the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has included many different approaches in the 1980s and 90s. Broadly similiar results have been obtained using biopsy, cauterization, multi-electrocoagulation and laser surgery; i.e. > 50% ovulation and a mean pregnancy rate of ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/2.4.337
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endometriosis is considered primarily a disease of the endometrial-subendometrial unit or archimetra. The clinical picture of endometriosis characterises this disease as a hyperactivation of genuine archimetrial functions such as proliferation, inflammatory defence and peristalsis. While the aetiology of the disease r...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/4.5.752
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The improved long-term survival of adolescents and young women treated for cancer has resulted in an increased focus on the effects of chemotherapy on ovarian function and its preservation. These women may seek advice and treatment regarding their reproductive status, including ways of preserving their fertility and p...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh052
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Fifth Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR) Workshop Meeting discussed knowledge regarding contemporary genetics in female reproduction. METHODS:Specialist reproductive medicine clinicians and geneticists delivered presentations based on published literature and current research. The content of this report i...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type:
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr033
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There has been an improvement in the blastocyst rates achieved following in-vitro embryo production that can largely be attributed to improved embryo culture conditions based on an increased knowledge of the in-vivo environment, as well as the metabolic needs of the embryo. Despite this, in-vitro oocyte maturation (IV...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmg009
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of paracrine interactions, especially within the vascular system. It is a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a potent vasodilator. NO is also a neurotransmitter and it plays a role in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NO-generating enzymes (nitric oxide synthases, NOS) ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/4.5.565
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Infertility is estimated to affect as many as 186 million people worldwide. Although male infertility contributes to more than half of all cases of global childlessness, infertility remains a woman's social burden. Unfortunately, areas of the world with the highest rates of infertility are often those with p...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv016
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of cell divisions during embryonic and fetal life makes the embryo/fetus particularly vulnerable to effects resulting from exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment. Exposure to drugs and irradiation at this stage of development are able to cause congenital malformations and various cancers in later l...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/6.6.578
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies suggest a possible link between human assisted reproductive technology and genomic imprinting disorders. Assisted reproductive technology includes the isolation, handling and culture of gametes and early embryos at times when imprinted genes are likely to be particularly vulnerable to external influence...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh002
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malnutrition is a major problem in developing countries, and obesity and eating disorders are increasingly common in developing as well as developed countries. The reproductive axis is closely linked to nutritional status, especially undernutrition in the female, and inhibitory pathways involving detectors in the hind...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmk003
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Worldwide, placenta-related complications contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and preterm birth, with implications for the future health of mothers and offspring. The placenta develops in the periconception period and forms the interface between mother an...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmy037
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Endometriosis is recognized as a steroid-dependent disorder; however, the precise roles of nuclear receptors (NRs) in steroid responsiveness and other signaling pathways are not well understood. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE:Over the past several years, a number of paradigm-shifting breakthroughs have occurred in...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmz005
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:With the recent development of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 genome editing technology, the possibility to genetically manipulate the human germline (gametes and embryos) has become a distinct technical possibility. Although many technical challenges still need to be...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw005
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:More than 15 million women, many of reproductive age, were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the end of 2007. As the HIV epidemic evolves, heterosexual intercourse is increasingly risky: the risk of infection in exposed young women is 4- to 7-fold higher than in young men and nearly half a ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn049
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Syncytin is a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene of an endogenous retrovirus of the HERV-W family. The gene appears to be almost exclusively expressed in placenta; the protein was found in particular in syncytiotrophoblast. After transfection into various cell types it has proven to be a very fusogenic pr...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh039
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnancy induces physiological alterations in thyroid function which may make difficult the interpretation of results of thyroid hormone measurement. A state of hyperstimulation of the thyroid gland is common in early pregnancy. In a few cases, thyroid hormone values will deviate from the normal range, which correspo...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh008
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:BACKGROUND; Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) reduce levels of androgen, especially testosterone (T), by inhibiting ovarian and adrenal androgen synthesis and by increasing levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Although this suppressive effect has been investigated by numerous studies over many ye...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt038
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mammals are generally held to be exceptions to the rule that organization of the egg plays a role in specifying the differentiation of cells, axes, or other aspects of patterning in the early embryo. However, there are several grounds for questioning this conclusion. Not only do certain experimental findings remain un...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/2.1.3
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00