Abstract:
:The term "medical necessity" is used ubiquitously in health care, but its meaning and implementation vary substantially among providers, payers, and patients. This ambiguity has led some to suggest that cost-effectiveness be used as a basis for decision rules. This paper presents an analytical framework that is familiar to clinicians and shows that medical necessity and cost-effectiveness do not provide deterministic rules for clinical decision making. First, 2 x 2 tables are used to show the tradeoff between the sensitivity and specificity of decision rules. Then, the example of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm is used to show that these tradeoffs can be seen as a continuum of decision rules on a receiver-operating characteristic curve. Society can therefore choose a decision threshold on the basis of medical necessity that optimizes the number of lives saved or any other desired outcome, but the tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity cannot be avoided. Applying cost-effectiveness criteria may change the decision threshold because cost-effectiveness itself involves inherent tradeoffs that create additional ambiguity for clinical decisions. The conclusion is that decision rules based on medical necessity or cost-effectiveness should not be considered deterministic. Rather, decision rules are useful when they make assumptions explicit and specify tradeoffs so that clinicians, patients, and payers can make better decisions.
journal_name
Ann Intern Medjournal_title
Annals of internal medicineauthors
Glassman PA,Model KE,Kahan JP,Jacobson PD,Peabody JWdoi
10.7326/0003-4819-126-2-199701150-00011subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-15 00:00:00pages
152-6issue
2eissn
0003-4819issn
1539-3704journal_volume
126pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine the usefulness of the continuous intravenous dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of patients with the Cushing syndrome. DESIGN:Comparison of the results of this test with those of other tests in the study population and with data from the literature. SETTING:Refer...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-112-10-738
更新日期:1990-05-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Vertebral fractures are a hallmark of postmenopausal osteoporosis and an important end point in trials of osteoporosis treatment, but the clinical significance of these fractures remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE:To determine the association of new vertebral fractures with back pain and back-related functional l...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-10-199805150-00001
更新日期:1998-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent cancer worldwide, responsible for approximately 1,000,000 deaths annually, most of them in the Far East and in sub-Saharan Africa. It usually presents at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis. There is evidence of an etiologic role for hepatitis B virus infection in t...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-390
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four hemodialysis patients receiving deferoxamine for metal overload had fatal rhinocerebral rhizopus infections. Serious fungal infections are not commonly seen in patients on dialysis, and none of these patients had the usual risk factors for rhizopus infection. Deferoxamine is being used with increased frequency in...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-678
更新日期:1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, and stroke is third. This article uses a case scenario to examine female sex-specific cardiovascular risk factors across the lifespan and describes a precision medicine-based approach to risk factor modification and primary preventi...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/M19-1601
更新日期:2019-12-03 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In previous open-label noncomparative clinical trials, both fluconazole and itraconazole were effective therapy for progressive forms of coccidioidomycosis. OBJECTIVE:To determine whether fluconazole or itraconazole is superior for treatment of nonmeningeal progressive coccidioidal infections. DESIGN:Rando...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00009
更新日期:2000-11-07 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether depressed mood or life events are associated with an exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. DESIGN:A prospective study of a consecutive sample of patients with relapsing inflammatory bowel disease, followed by monthly questionnaires and periodic office visits. SETTING:A referral-ba...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-5-381
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Combining endoscopic therapy and beta-blockers may improve outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices. PURPOSE:To assess whether a combination of endoscopic and drug therapy prevents overall and variceal rebleeding and improves survival better than either therapy alone. DATA SOURCE...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00007
更新日期:2008-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Because the cholesterol-rich very low density (VLD) lipoproteins of subjects with type III hyperlipoproteinemia are distinctively enriched in apolipoprotein E, a radial immunodiffusion assay for apolipoprotein E in whole plasma was developed. Its diagnostic usefulness was tested in randomly selected (n = 174) and hype...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-87-5-509
更新日期:1977-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain condition for which patients frequently use acupuncture. OBJECTIVE:To determine whether acupuncture relieves pain in fibromyalgia. DESIGN:Randomized, sham-controlled trial in which participants, data collection staff, and data analysts were blinded to treatment group. ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-1-200507050-00005
更新日期:2005-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to gonorrhea and syphilis, both of which may develop primarily at anorectal or pharyngeal sites, a number of conditions, including Neisseria meningitidis urethritis, nonspecific urethritis, anorectal herpes, condyloma acuminatum, amebiasis, giardiasis, shigellosis, typhoid fever, enterobiasis, and hepatiti...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-805
更新日期:1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low back pain is common, but a herniated intervertebral disk is the cause in only a small percentage of cases. Most symptomatic disk herniations result in clinical manifestations (pain, reflex loss, muscle weakness) that resolve with conservative therapy, and only 5% to 10% of patients require surgery. Sciatica is usu...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-112-8-598
更新日期:1990-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::A platelet transfusion from a blood group O donor, immunized 1 month before with Pneumovax, caused a hemolytic reaction in a blood group A recipient. Forty-five of 59 group O donors (76%) and all of nine group B donors immunized with Pneumovax had a fourfold or higher anti-A response. Half of the anti-A antibody in hi...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-5-580
更新日期:1982-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Comprehensive palliative care, as exemplified by many state-of-the-art hospice programs, is the standard of care for the dying. Although palliative care is very effective, physicians, nurses, patients, families, and loved ones regularly face clinically, ethically, legally, and morally challenging decisions throughout ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-6-200003210-00011
更新日期:2000-03-21 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Triplex vaccine was developed to enhance cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells and prevent CMV reactivation early after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). Objective:To determine the safety and efficacy of Triplex. Design:First-in-patient, phase 2 trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02506933). Setting:3...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/M19-2511
更新日期:2020-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Important historical changes have occurred both in the content of the periodic health examination and in the legitimacy with which this examination has been viewed. These changes reflect fundamental shifts in the objectives of the examination and in the concerns of its advocates, the most prominent of whom have been p...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-10-199711150-00010
更新日期:1997-11-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pretreatment antimicrobial resistance has an important impact on the efficacy of many Helicobacter pylori treatment regimens. OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of H. pylori resistance to antimicrobials in the United States, to characterize risk factors associated with H. pylori antimicrobial resistance, ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-1-200201010-00008
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Reviews have compared the efficacy and tolerability of newer second-generation antidepressants with those of placebo or older treatments, but comparative evidence for use of second-generation antidepressants to treat major depressive disorder has not been evaluated. PURPOSE:To systematically evaluate compar...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-6-200509200-00006
更新日期:2005-09-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Homeless persons have high mortality rates. OBJECTIVE:To ascertain causes of death in a group of homeless persons. DESIGN:Cohort study. PATIENTS:17,292 adults seen by the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program from 1988 to 1993. MEASUREMENTS:Cause-specific mortality rates adjusted for race and rate ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-8-199704150-00007
更新日期:1997-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of forces are converging to reduce the number of internal medicine residency positions offered in this country. This reduction, referred to as downsizing, has been proposed as the solution to several of the problems facing internal medicine. We examine the forces that underlie the current enthusiasm for down...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-117-10-839
更新日期:1992-11-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The risk for and determinants of transmission of tuberculosis in hospitals caring for moderate numbers of patients with tuberculosis remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE:To study the association of tuberculin conversion among health care workers with ventilation of patient care areas. DESIGN:Cross-sectional observa...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-10-200011210-00010
更新日期:2000-11-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Because clinical diagnosis is inaccurate, objective testing is usually considered necessary when patients present with suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT). OBJECTIVE:To determine whether a negative result on a quantitative latex D dimer assay eliminates the need for further investigation in patients with...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-10-200305200-00006
更新日期:2003-05-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:No regulations govern placebo composition. The composition of placebos can influence trial outcomes and merits reporting. PURPOSE:To assess how often investigators specify the composition of placebos in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. DATA SOURCES:4 English-language general and internal medicine jou...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00010
更新日期:2010-10-19 00:00:00
abstract::Lung cancer is the commonest cause of death from cancer in both men and women, with approximately 152,000 new cases and 139,000 deaths in 1988. The incidence and mortality rates are increasing rapidly in women. Two main tests have been used to screen for lung cancer: chest roentgenography and sputum cytology. Four rec...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-111-3-232
更新日期:1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections. DESIGN:A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. PATIENTS:Adults (257) undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia. INTERVENTION:Patients were randomly assigned to receive either fluconazole (400...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-118-7-199304010-00003
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Individual differences in metabolism of the sulfonamides may predispose patients to idiosyncratic reactions. Sulfonamides are metabolized by N-acetylation (mediated by a genetically polymorphic enzyme) and oxidation to potentially toxic metabolites. We examined 6 patients who had severe reactions to sulfonamides and c...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-105-2-179
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the toxicity and efficacy of low-dose interferon-alpha therapy in inducing remissions and prolonging survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. DESIGN:Phase II evaluation and comparison with historical control patients and other series in which the investigators used higher interferon-a...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-10-199411150-00002
更新日期:1994-11-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is present in arteries in giant cell arteritis. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agent, in giant cell arteritis. DESIGN:Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING:22 sites in the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00004
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether low bone density and other risk factors for osteoporosis are associated with stress fractures in athletes. DESIGN:Case-control study. SETTING:Institutional sports injury clinic with primary and secondary care. PARTICIPANTS:Twenty-five athletes (nineteen women) with scintigraphically co...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-754
更新日期:1990-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Population screening for hemochromatosis done by using the transferrin saturation test has been advocated by experts to permit the initiation of therapeutic phlebotomy before the onset of clinical disease. The discovery of a gene associated with hemochromatosis has made DNA testing another option for screening and dia...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-11_part_2-199812011-00008
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00