Abstract:
:The chemical risk assessment process plays an essential role in the potential human health risk evaluation. Setting priorities for this purpose is critical for better use of the available human and material resources. It has been generally accepted that all new chemicals require safety evaluation before manufacture and sale. This is a difficult task due to the large number of chemicals directly consumed by man, as well as those that are widely used. At present, more than 50% of chemicals do not have the minimum data requirements for risk assessment. Production and release volumes are well-established prioritization criteria, although volume itself does not directly reflect the likelihood of human exposure. This quantitative approach applied in setting priorities may be influenced by human experience. Human data provided by epidemiological investigations have been accepted as the most credible evidence for human toxicity although analytical studies are expensive and require long-term follow up. Unfortunately, some epidemiological studies continue to have difficulties with exposure documentation, controlling bias and confounding, and are not able to provide predictions of risk until humans are exposed. Clinical toxicology services and Poison Centres around the world accumulate a great amount of toxicological-related information that may contribute to the evidence-based medicine and research and so collaborate with all the risk assessment disciplines. The information obtained from these services and centers has the potential to prioritize existing chemical assessment processes or to influence scheduling of classes of chemicals. Prioritization process may be improved by evaluating Poisons Centres statistics about frequency of cases, severity of effects, detection of unusual circumstances of exposure, as well as vulnerable sub-populations. International efforts for the harmonization of these data offer a useful tool to take advantage of this global information. Case report and case series may give information about the spectrum of human health effects, particularly when frequency is not very high. Improvement in the access to this information could be facilitated by better documentation of cases and targeted follow up. Special attention should be given to strengthen the documentation capabilities of clinical toxicologists, occupational physicians, and forensic toxicologists from developing countries. The benefit of human experience on priority setting for risk assessment purpose depends not only on the quality of information but also on the improvement of understanding between risk assessors and clinical toxicologists or poison center specialists.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Alonzo C,Laborde Adoi
10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.023subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-09-01 00:00:00pages
692-6issue
2 Suppleissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041-008X(05)00227-9journal_volume
207pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Adult BALB/c mice, which are sensitive to hyperoxia (LT50 = 4.5 days 100% O2), were made tolerant to 100% O2 after treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Following a single ip dose of 400 mg/kg, mice survived longer periods in O2 when exposed to O2 at 7, 14, and 21, but not 2 days, following BHT injection. The...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(88)90257-8
更新日期:1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitotic catastrophe, a form of cell death resulting from abnormal mitosis, is a cytotoxic death pathway as well as an appealing mechanistic strategy for the development of anti-cancer drugs. In this study, 6-bromine-5-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde was demonstrated to induce DNA double-strand break, multipolar spindles...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.003
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 2009 Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference (TRAC) session on "Advances in Exposure and Toxicity Assessment of Particulate Matter" was held in April 2009 in West Chester, OH. The goal of this session was to bring together toxicology, geology and risk assessment experts from the Department of Defense and academi...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.020
更新日期:2011-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Bisphenol-A (BPA), a polymer used in plastics manufacturing, and methoxychlor (MXC), a pesticide, are endocrine disrupting compounds with estrogenic and anti-androgenic properties. Prenatal BPA or MXC treatment induces reproductive defects in sheep with BPA causing prepubertal luteinizing hormone (LH) hypersecretion a...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.011
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on the progression of chronic renal disease was studied in rats subjected to partial nephrectomy. Following ablation of approximately 70% of their renal mass, rats were divided into three treatment groups: group I received a placebo treatment; group ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(85)90397-7
更新日期:1985-09-30 00:00:00
abstract::Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor, it influences various organ systems in human beings and experimental animals. DEHP reduced the serum testosterone and increased the blood glucose, estradiol, T(3) and T(4) in rats. However, the effect of DEHP on insulin signaling and glucose oxidation in skelet...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.022
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have used a pharmacological approach to study the mechanisms underlying the rat lung injury and the airway reactivity changes induced by inhalation of formaldehyde (FA) (1% formalin solution, 90 min once a day, 4 days). The reactivity of isolated tracheae and intrapulmonary bronchi were assessed in dose-response cu...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2005.11.014
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prescribing appropriate Tacrolimus (Tac) dosing is still a challenge for clinicians due to the interindividual variability in dose requirement and the narrow therapeutic index. Our objective is to identify potential factors that affects Tac exposure in Tunisian Kidney patients and to develop and validate a Tac dose re...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115245
更新日期:2020-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Male Wistar rats exposed to a systemic organophosphorus insecticide, phorate [O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylthio) methyl] phosphorothioate] at varying oral doses of 0.046, 0.092 or 0.184mg phorate/kg bw for 14days, exhibited substantial oxidative stress, cellular DNA damage and activation of apoptosis-related p53, caspase 3 an...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.006
更新日期:2012-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical stage during the development of silicosis fibrosis. In the current study, we hypothesized that the anti-fibrotic tetrapeptide, N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) may exert its anti-fibrotic effects via activation of the TGF-β1/ROCK1 pathway, leadin...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.010
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data taken from Aberg et al. ((1969) Arch. Environ. Health 19, 478-484) and Miettinen et al. ((1971) Ann. Clin. Res. 3, 116-122) were analyzed by means of models that describe methyl mercury pharmacokinetics in man in terms of parent compound only (Model I) or in terms of parent compound plus metabolite, inorganic mer...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1996.0078
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component in tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins, and exhibits potential antitumor activity against colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. We investigated the effects of EGCG on activities of CRC cells and the exact mol...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115100
更新日期:2020-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Since it was recently shown that the addition of nicotinamide (NAM) to pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) cell monolayers significantly altered their ATP pools (Nadeau and Lane, 1988), the effects of the vitamin on the metabolism of the cells, exposed or not to very short chrysotile asbestos fibers (VSF), were evalu...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(89)90142-7
更新日期:1989-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Many cationic drugs are concentrated in acidic cell compartments due to low retro-diffusion of the protonated molecule (ion trapping), with an ensuing vacuolar and autophagic cytopathology. In solid tissues, there is evidence that phagocytic cells, e.g., histiocytes, preferentially concentrate cationic drugs. We hypot...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.004
更新日期:2013-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::We developed a fusion toxin consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin linked to human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (DTGM) for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our goal in this study was to determine the toxicity and pharmacokineti...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1999.8691
更新日期:1999-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Mesaconitine (MA) and hypaconitine (HA) are the main bioactive/toxic alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx, and MDR1, BCRP and MRP2 are involved in their efflux in vitro. This study aimed to explore the effects of Mdr1a, Bcrp and Mrp2 on the efficacy/toxicity of MA and HA by using efflux transporter gene knockout mo...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115332
更新日期:2020-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::This study sought to investigate the effects of environmentally relevant gestational followed by continued chronic exposure to the herbicide, atrazine, on motor function, cognition, and neurochemical indices of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) activity in male rats. Dams were treated with 100 μg/kg atrazine, 10mg/kg atrazi...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.026
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) are ubiquitous environment contaminants that produce many of their toxic effects by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). However, several investigations have demonstrated that certain polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, principally di-ortho-chlorinated PCB cong...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0041-008x(02)00040-6
更新日期:2003-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Side effects of methotrexate (MTX) especially hepatotoxicity limits clinical applications of this anticancer agent. Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) is administrated for the treatment of elevated plasma concentrations of MTX. In this study, we have investigated the intracellular delivery of CPG2 fused to the transactivator ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.023
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The utility of isolated rat hepatocytes as a model system for screening potential chelators in treatment of Cd intoxication was studied. The ability of the chelators diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90232-6
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The substrate preference of an aldehyde dehydrogenase induced in rat liver cytosol by 3-methylcholanthrene was examined. This enzyme, T-ALDH, is identical to the aldehyde dehydrogenase inducible in rat liver by 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin and the tumor-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase found in rat hepatocell...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(88)90170-6
更新日期:1988-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin is a chemical inducer of Parkinson's disease (PD) whereas N-methylated beta-carbolines and isoquinolines are naturally occurring analogues of MPTP involved in PD. This research has studied the oxidation of MPTP by human CYP2D6 (CYP2D6*1 and CYP2D6*10 allel...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.06.003
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The goodness of fit of three PBPK models to data for inhalation uptake of 1,3-butadiene by mice from closed chambers were compared. These models included a classical flow-limited model with blood consolidated into arterial and venous compartments, a flow-limited model with implicit blood and alveolar compartments, and...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1997.8289
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent commonly found in a variety of personal care products and cosmetics. TCS readily enters the environment through wastewater and is detected in human plasma, urine, and breast milk due to its widespread use. Studies have implicated TCS as a disruptor of thyroid and estrogen sign...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.013
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In previous work, we developed novel antibacterial hybrid coatings based on dextran containing dispersed Ag NPs (~5 nm, DEX-Ag) aimed to offer dual protection against two of the most common complications associated with implant surgery, infections and rejection of the implant. However, their blood-material interaction...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.023
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present work evaluates the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antimutagenic effects of Phyllanthus orbicularis (plant of genus Phyllantus) aqueous extract in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. P. orbicularis aqueous extracts are used in Cuban traditional medicine for their antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus and A...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1999.8814
更新日期:1999-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have shown that fumonisin B1 (FB1) inhibits ceramide synthase, resulting in accumulation of free sphinganine and sphingosine. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) plays an important role in FB1 toxicity and the expression of TNFalpha mRNA in liver and kidney is increased following FB1 exposure in mi...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9189
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-induced porphyria occurs in female, but not male, rats after a delay of 35 days following HCB treatment. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) inhibition has been proposed as a primary causative event. To determine whether there also exists a delay phase and a sexual dimorphism for UROD inhibit...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1997.8157
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) is present in virtually every human cell type. Representing a nuclear receptor superfamily, GR has several different isoforms essentially acting as ligand-dependent transcription factors, regulating glucocorticoid-responsive gene expression in both a positive and a negative manner. Althoug...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.003
更新日期:2017-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Acetaminophen (APAP) administration (600 mg/kg, po) results in proximal tubular necrosis in 18-hr fasted, 3-month-old male CD-1 mice. This study was undertaken to determine if deacetylation of APAP to p-aminophenol (PAP) is a prerequisite to nephrotoxicity in the mouse, as it is in the Fischer rat. Administration of e...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(91)90325-9
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00