Abstract:
:Galectins are a family of animal lectins with affinity for beta-galactosides. By using recombinant proteins, a number of galectins have been shown to interact with cell-surface and extracellular matrix glycoconjugates through lectin-carbohydrate interactions. Through this action, they can affect a variety of cellular processes, and the most extensively documented function is induction of apoptosis. By using gene transfection approaches, galectins have been shown to regulate various cellular processes, including apoptosis. Evidence has been provided that some of these functions involve binding to cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, through protein-protein interactions, and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, some galectins are pro-apoptotic, whereas others are anti-apoptotic; some galectins induce apoptosis by binding to cell surface glycoproteins, whereas others regulate apoptosis through interactions with intracellular proteins. This review describes involvement of galectin-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, and -12 in apoptosis.
journal_name
Methods Enzymoljournal_title
Methods in enzymologyauthors
Hsu DK,Yang RY,Liu FTdoi
10.1016/S0076-6879(06)17018-4subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-01-01 00:00:00pages
256-73eissn
0076-6879issn
1557-7988pii
S0076-6879(06)17018-4journal_volume
417pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Sulfatases hydrolyze sulfate esters on a variety of molecules including glycosaminoglycans, sulfoglycolipids, and cytosolic steroids. These enzymes are found in a wide range of organisms with their basic enzymatic mechanisms broadly conserved. In mammals, many of the sulfatases localize in the lysosome and exhibit enz...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)16015-2
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(08)02003-X
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) coordinate post-transcriptional control of gene expression, often through sequence-specific recognition of primary transcripts or mature messenger RNAs. Hundreds of RBPs are encoded in the human genome, most with undefined or incompletely defined biological roles. Understanding the function...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2015.02.007
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(08)02410-5
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(10)74010-6
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Membrane proteins (MPs) are insoluble in aqueous media as a result of incompatibility between the hydrophilic property of the solvent molecules and the hydrophobic nature of MP surfaces, normally associated with lipid membranes. Amphipathic compounds are necessary for extraction of these macromolecules from the native...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.021
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Microsealed Drug Delivery (MDD) system was developed to achieve several objectives: to maximize the bioavailability of a therapeutic agent in a target tissue; to minimize the adverse side effects of a therapeutic agent or its metabolites; to optimize the onset, rate, and duration of drug delivery; to maintain the...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(85)12036-7
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.006
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Portable, nanoparticle (NP)-enhanced enzyme sensors have emerged as powerful devices for qualitative and quantitative analysis of a variety of analytes for biomedicine, environmental applications, and pharmaceutical fields. This chapter describes a method for the fabrication of a portable, paper-based, inexpensive, ro...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.006
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycoproteins are a major class of glycoconjugates displaying a variety of mutual interactions between glycan and protein moieties that ultimately affect molecular organization. Modulation of the pendant glycan structures is important in tuning the functions of glycoproteins. Here we discuss structural aspects and som...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(10)78018-6
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reverse dot-blot method is a simple and rapid diagnostic procedure that allows screening of sample for a variety of mutations/polymorphisms in a single hybridization reaction. Several methods of immobilizing the oligonucleotide probes are discussed. The reverse dot-blot method has several unique properties that ar...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0076-6879(93)18029-c
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Significant progress has been made in discovering and cloning a host of proteins, including a range of glycoproteins. The availability of their predicted amino acid sequences provides useful information, including potential N-linked glycosylation sites. However, only a limited number of protein structures have been so...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)15007-7
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A direct transport route from early/recycling endosome (EE/RE) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is exploited by Shiga toxin (Mallard et al., 1998) and TGN38 (Ghosh et al., 1998). To facilitate the study of this pathway, both in vivo and in vitro transport assays using recombinant Shiga toxin B fragments (STxB) as prot...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)04039-5
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Delivery of drugs and molecules to eukaryote animal and plant cells can be enhanced when mediated by mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) materials. This chapter describes, in detail, the synthesis of several different MSN materials used for the transport of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules, neurotra...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391860-4.00003-3
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assessment of protein nitration is commonly used as a footprint for the formation of reactive nitrogen species in vivo. However, one of the major disadvantages of measuring nitrotyrosine in proteins is that nitrated proteins are broken down at variable rates, and the resulting free nitrotyrosine is taken up by cells, ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)96015-1
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The remarkable success of cancer immunotherapies, especially the checkpoint blocking antibodies, in a subset of patients has reinvigorated the study of tumor-immune crosstalk and its role in heterogeneity of response. High-throughput sequencing and imaging technologies can help recapitulate various aspects of the tumo...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2020.01.001
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe here the components and uses of two image intensifier systems. The SIT camera system is convenient, relatively inexpensive, readily adaptable to most microscopes, and reliable. It suffers from lack of resolution at high gain levels and the inability to extend its sensitivity by accumulating an image over t...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0076-6879(83)98154-5
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The coat protein complex II (COPII) coat is responsible for direct capture of membrane cargo proteins and for the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that drives the transport vesicle formation. The use of an in vitro reconstitution system comprising purified components is desirable for stu...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)04009-7
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 19 years, we have developed a novel myxoma virus-derived anti-inflammatory serine protease inhibitor, termed a serpin, as a new class of immunomodulatory therapeutic. This review will describe the initial identification of viral serpins with anti-inflammatory potential, beginning with preclinical analysi...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386471-0.00015-8
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbohydrate microarrays are becoming a standard tool for glycobiologists to screen large numbers of sugars and elucidate the role of carbohydrates in biological systems. This article describes detailed methods to prepare and use microarrays containing synthetic oligosaccharides as well as a summary of the biological ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)15017-X
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circadian clocks are present in most cells and are essential for maintenance of daily rhythms in physiology, mood, and cognition. Thus, not only neurons of the central circadian pacemaker but also many other peripheral tissues possess the same functional and self-sustained circadian clocks. Surprisingly, however, thei...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2014.10.023
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances have demonstrated the feasibility and robustness of chemical synthesis for the production of homogeneously glycosylated protein forms (glycoforms). By taking advantage of the unmatchable flexibility and precision provided by chemical synthesis, the quantitative effects of glycosylation were obtained us...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.030
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enzymatic processes have great potential for applications in industrial biocatalysis, biosensing, and biomedical engineering. However, poor stability and difficulty in the reuse of enzymes still create challenges for their use in catalysis and other applications. In recent years, enzyme-incorporated metal-organic fram...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.12.002
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the rapid development of nanotechnology, inorganic magnetic nanoparticles, especially iron oxide nanoparticles (IOs), have emerged as great vehicles for biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In order to rationally design IO-based gene delivery nanovectors, surface modification is essential and deter...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391858-1.00009-5
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A synthetic ligand regulable system for gene transfer and expression has been developed in our laboratory based on mechanistic studies of steriod hormone receptor and transcriptional regulation. This gene switch system possesses most of the important features that are required for application of the system in biologic...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(02)46076-4
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flavoenzymes comprise a large class of proteins that carry out a diverse range of important redox chemistry. Although X-ray crystal structures of many flavoenzymes have been determined, there are still unresolved questions regarding the actual oxidation state of the flavin cofactors in these structures due to photored...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.12.004
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In mice with lupus nephritis qualitative changes in anti-DNA antibodies occur, such as IgG switch and increased cationic charge, to render these antibodies pathogenic. Pathogenic anti-DNA idiotypes can be encoded by genes of a normal mouse strain such as SWR, where they remain dormant. When the normal mice are crossed...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0076-6879(88)62094-5
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) sample structurally diverse ensembles. Characterizing the underlying distributions of conformations is a key step toward understanding the structural and functional properties of IDPs. One increasingly popular method for obtaining quantitative information on intramolecular dist...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2018.09.030
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In structural proteomics, it is necessary to efficiently screen in a high-throughput manner for the presence of stable structures in proteins that can be subjected to subsequent structure determination by X-ray or NMR spectroscopy. Here we illustrate that the (1)H chemical distribution in a protein as detected by (1)H...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)94006-8
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of specific degradation of transcripts with a premature stop codon. NMD eliminates aberrant mRNAs arising from mutations, alternative splicing, and other events in cells. In addition, many normal transcripts undergo NMD. Recent studies demonst...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.008
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00