Design and fabrication of N-alkyl-polyethylenimine-stabilized iron oxide nanoclusters for gene delivery.

abstract：:Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins perform crucial roles in regulating the biology of the cell. PTMs are enzymatic, covalent chemical modifications of proteins that typically occur after the translation of mRNAs. These modifications are relevant because they can potentially change a protein's physical ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Farley AR,Link AJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular mechanisms of dark-to-light state transitions in flavoprotein photoreceptors have been the subject of intense investigation. Blue-light sensing flavoproteins fall into three general classes that share aspects of their activation processes: LOV domains, BLUF proteins, and cryptochromes. In all cases, light-in...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Yee EF,Chandrasekaran S,Lin C,Crane BR

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA repair complexes play crucial roles in maintaining genome integrity, which is essential for the survival of an organism. The understanding of their modes of action is often obscure due to limited structural knowledge. Structural characterizations of these complexes are often challenging due to a poor protein produ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Sawicka M,Aramayo R,Ayala R,Glyde R,Zhang X

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CRISPR-Cas systems protect prokaryotic cells from invading phages and plasmids by recognizing and cleaving foreign nucleic acid sequences specified by CRISPR RNA spacer sequences. Several CRISPR-Cas systems have been widely used as tool for genetic engineering. In DNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas nucleoprotein effector comple...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mekler V,Kuznedelov K,Minakhin L,Murugan K,Sashital DG,Severinov K

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A fundamental function of the vasculature is to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs. The cells that make up the vasculature also require oxygen, and are acted upon by oxygen in direct and indirect ways that can have significant effects on acute and chronic vascular function and morphology. The role that oxygen, or it...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Huang Y,Giordano FJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Concomitant with the rapid development in biomedical knowledge, including the methods of molecular biology and proteomics, and the manufacture of ever more precise optical instruments, powerful lasers, and sophisticated microcomputing hardware and software, laser microdissection systems have emerged which are now ente...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Willenberg HS,Walters R,Bornstein SR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The goal of the signal transduction pathways, such as those controlled by Ras, is in large part to ensure highly stringent regulation of the target genes in the nucleus, which are collectively responsible for the signal output, or phenotypes, of the cell. Understanding of the Ras effect ultimately requires the identif...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Jo H,Cho YJ,Zhang H,Liang P

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Virtually all eukaryotic cell functions and signaling pathways are regulated by protein phosphorylation. The Rad53 kinase plays crucial roles in the DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is widely used as a surrogate marker for DNA damage checkpoint activation by diverse genotoxic agents. Most currently ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Hoch NC,Chen ES,Tsai MD,Heierhorst J

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter outlines the approaches and techniques that can be used to analyze the regulation of antibiotic production in streptomycetes. It describes how to isolate antibiotic nonproducing and overproducing mutants by UV, nitrosoguanidine (NTG), transposon, and insertion mutagenesis, and then how to use those mutant...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bibb M,Hesketh A

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The qualitative detection, quantification, and structural characterization of analytes in biological systems are important requirements for objectives to be fulfilled in systems biology research. One analytical tool applied to a multitude of systems biology studies is mass spectrometry, particularly for the study of p...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Dunn WB

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The three-dimensional (3D) organization of the genome is important for chromatin regulation. This organization is nonrandom and appears to be tightly correlated with or regulated by chromatin state and scaffolding proteins. To understand how specific DNA and chromatin elements contribute to the functional organization...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Harr JC,Reddy KL

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A central goal of biology is to understand how transcription factors target and regulate specific genes and networks to control cell fate and function. An equally important goal of synthetic biology, chemical biology, and personalized medicine is to devise molecules that can regulate genes and networks in a programmab...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Tietjen JR,Donato LJ,Bhimisaria D,Ansari AZ

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enzymatic processes have great potential for applications in industrial biocatalysis, biosensing, and biomedical engineering. However, poor stability and difficulty in the reuse of enzymes still create challenges for their use in catalysis and other applications. In recent years, enzyme-incorporated metal-organic fram...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Hou M,Ge J

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rac binds tightly to lipid membranes through a lipid modification. The influence of the lipid membrane environment on the multiple interactions of Rac has not been well documented. In this chapter, we detail a method to prepare geranyl-geranylated Rac bound to liposomes of defined composition. With this method, one ca...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mesmin B,Antonny B

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the most widely employed methods in metagenomics is the amplification and sequencing of the highly conserved ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from organisms in complex microbial communities. rRNA surveys, typically using the 16S rRNA gene for prokaryotic identification, provide information about the total diversity a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Preheim SP,Perrotta AR,Friedman J,Smilie C,Brito I,Smith MB,Alm E

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA folds during transcription in the cell. Compared to most in vitro studies where the focus is generally on Mg(2+)-initiated refolding of fully synthesized transcripts, cotranscriptional RNA folding studies better replicate how RNA folds in a cellular environment. Unique aspects of cotranscriptional folding include ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wong TN,Pan T

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleotide excision repair is a multicomponent, multistep enzymatic system that removes a wide spectrum of DNA damage by dual incisions in the damaged strand on both sides of the lesion. The basic steps are damage recognition, dual incisions, resynthesis to replace the excised DNA, and ligation. Each step has been stu...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Reardon JT,Sancar A

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enzyme immobilization is a widespread empiric technology to achieve more stable, active and reusable enzymes. The empiricism can be reduced by the application of rational design procedures employing bioinformatic tools, engineered-proteins and detailed analyses of existent data. In this chapter, we describe relevant a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Sastre DE,Reis EA,Marques Netto CGC

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interactions between chemokines and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are crucial for the physiological and pathophysiological activities of chemokines. GAGs are therefore commonly designated as chemokine coreceptors which are deeply involved in the chemokine-signaling network. Studying the interaction of chemokines with GAGs...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kitic N,Gschwandtner M,Derler R,Gerlza T,Kungl AJ

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Galectins are a family of animal lectins with affinity for beta-galactosides. By using recombinant proteins, a number of galectins have been shown to interact with cell-surface and extracellular matrix glycoconjugates through lectin-carbohydrate interactions. Through this action, they can affect a variety of cellular ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Hsu DK,Yang RY,Liu FT

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hybrid proteins or chimeras are generated by recombination of protein fragments. In the course of evolution, this mechanism has led to major diversification of protein folds and their functionalities. Similarly, protein engineers have taken advantage of this attractive strategy to build new proteins. Methods that use ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rico JA,Höcker B

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The binding of the chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 12 (CXCL12 or stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha [SDF-1alpha]) constitutively produced by bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, to the CXC receptor (CXCR) 4, a transmembrane chemokine receptor expressed on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), has emerg...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rettig MP,Ramirez P,Nervi B,DiPersio JF

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When yeast are faced with irreparable DNA damage, they will first arrest in G2/M, via the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, but will subsequently adapt to that arrest and resume division. Here, we summarize assays that we have used to examine checkpoint adaptation. Specifically, we discuss the merits of inducing DNA dama...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Toczyski DP

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hsp70 chaperones and their obligatory J-protein cochaperones function together in many cellular processes. Via cycles of binding to short stretches of exposed amino acids on substrate proteins, Hsp70/J-protein chaperones not only facilitate protein folding but also drive intracellular protein transport, biogenesis of ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Dutkiewicz R,Nowak M,Craig EA,Marszalek J

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a central regulator of the eukaryotic cell cycle and functions as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to catalyze the ubiquitination of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins. The APC contains at least 13 subunits in addition to two activator subunits, Cdc20 and Cdh1, that associ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Passmore LA,Barford D,Harper JW

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The combination of PCR amplification and chemiluminescent detection of PCR products provides a highly sensitive system for the quantitation of DNA and RNA. The broad dynamic range of the chemiluminescent detection assay simplifies the selection of cycling and concentration parameters critical to harnessing the quantit...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Martin CS,Voyta JC,Bronstein I

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Accurate protein structure determination by solution-state NMR is challenging for proteins greater than about 20kDa, for which extensive perdeuteration is generally required, providing experimental data that are incomplete (sparse) and ambiguous. However, the massive increase in evolutionary sequence information coupl...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Huang YJ,Brock KP,Ishida Y,Swapna GVT,Inouye M,Marks DS,Sander C,Montelione GT

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the least-squares fitting of data, there is a unique answer to the question of how the data should be weighted: inversely as their variance. Any other weighting gives less than optimal efficiency and leads to unreliable estimates of the parameter uncertainties. In calibration, knowledge of the data variance permits...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Tellinghuisen J

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The methods of computational chemistry and molecular modeling are becoming more and more accessible to biochemists with the advent of fast, inexpensive graphics workstations and well-tested computer programs. The state of the art in small molecules allows chemists to use these programs as "black boxes" and be confiden...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wampler JE

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a member of the uncoupling protein family. It is expressed in the inner mitochondrial membrane and plays a role in the control of free radical production, oxidative damage, insulin secretion, and fatty-acid peroxide exportation. Although UCP2 expression occurs in several tissues, some of...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Velloso LA,Degasperi GR,Vercesi AE,Saad MA

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00