Characterisation of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in the Japanese context: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To characterise different meal types by examining the contribution of specific meals to the total intakes and the nutritional quality of each meal. DESIGN:A cross-sectional analysis was conducted based on dietary data collected using 4-d dietary record. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3. SETTING:Japan. PARTICIPANTS:Adults aged 20-81 years (n 639). RESULTS:Diet quality was, on average, highest for dinner, followed, in order, by lunch, breakfast and snacks. Breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks, on average, accounted for 21 %, 32 %, 40 % and 11 % of total energy intake, respectively. For many nutrients, the percentage contribution to total intake did not vary within each meal, broadly in line with that for energy: 18-24 % for breakfast, 26-35 % for lunch, 35-49 % for dinner and 4-15 % for snacks. However, intakes of many foods largely depended on one meal type. The foods mainly eaten at dinner were potatoes, pulses, total vegetables, fish, meat and alcoholic beverages (52-70 %), in contrast to noodles (58 %) at lunch and bread (71 %) and dairy products (50 %) at breakfast. The foods mainly eaten at snacks were confectioneries (79 %) and sugar-sweetened beverages (52 %). Conversely, rice and eggs were more evenly distributed across three main meals (19-41 % and 30-38 %, respectively), while fruit and non-energetic beverages were more evenly distributed across all meal types (17-30 % and 19-35 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:These findings provide the background information on each meal type in Japanese and may help inform the development of meal-based guidelines and public health messages.

journal_name

Public Health Nutr

journal_title

Public health nutrition

authors

Murakami K,Shinozaki N,Livingstone MBE,Fujiwara A,Asakura K,Masayasu S,Sasaki S

doi

10.1017/S1368980020004310

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-11-10 00:00:00

pages

1-13

eissn

1368-9800

issn

1475-2727

pii

S1368980020004310

pub_type

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