Abstract：
:The current pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 originated from Wuhan, China. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with significant mortality and morbidity rate. The severe risk factors are commonly detected in patients of older age and with medical comorbidities like cancer and diabetes. Scientists and doctors have scrambled to gain knowledge about the novel virus and its pathophysiology in order to discover possible therapeutic regimens and vaccines for COVID-19. The therapeutic strategies like targeting the viral genome emphasize the promising approach to target COVID-19. Additionally, blocking the receptor, ACE2 via the neutralizing antibodies for viral escape that prevents it from entering into the cells provides another therapeutic regimen. In this review article, we have presented the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in comorbid patients and discussed organ failure caused by this virus. Based on the data available from the scientific literature and ongoing clinical trials, we have focused on therapeutic strategies. We hope that we would fill the gaps that puzzled the researchers and clinicians with the best of our knowledge collected for the betterment of the patients for the coming future.
journal_name
Cytokine Growth Factor Revjournal_title
Cytokine & growth factor reviewsauthors
Dariya B,Nagaraju GPdoi
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-06-01 00:00:00pages
43-52eissn
1359-6101issn
1879-0305pii
S1359-6101(20)30078-2journal_volume
53pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The Wnt signaling pathway is conserved in various species from worms to mammals, and plays important roles in development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. The molecular mechanisms by which the Wnt signal regulates cellular functions are becoming increasingly well understood. Wnt stabilizes cytoplasmic bet...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1359-6101(99)00017-9
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The wider use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is still limited by the immunologic recognition and destruction of host tissues, termed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The role of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1, and their impact on immune effectors (mainly CD4+ and CD8+ T) cells h...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.10.010
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), that was originally discovered for its properties of stimulating growth and differentiation of neurons, is now also considered responsible for several activities in the immune system and beyond. Mast cells and eosinophils, key cells of allergic inflammation, are a source of NGF and are influ...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00047-9
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-metabolizing enzymes regulate the level of bioactive sphingolipids that have curative potential. Recently, S1P-metabolizing enzymes such as sphingosine kinase 1 and S1P lyase were shown to regulate influenza virus replication and the virus-induced cytopathogenicity. The mechanism appeared...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.12.001
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chemotherapy remains a common mode of anticancer treatment even though in most cancer indications the therapeutic approach is not effective and ultimately associated with the onset of chemoresistance. A better understanding of genetic differences in tumors ushered in the era of targeted therapy which has revolutionize...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.02.001
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine playing a major role as regulator of hematopoiesis and innate immune responses. There is growing evidence that G-CSF also exerts profound immunoregulatory effects in adaptive immunity. G-CSF mediates anti-inflammatory reactions accompanied by TH2 ...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.05.002
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a severe inflammatory childhood disorder, characterized by a specific pattern of systemic features and a typical cytokine profile. Patients are at risk to develop macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), an acute life-threatening condition defined by excessive proliferatio...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.05.005
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A unique population of CD4(+) T lymphocytes that constitutively express CD25 has been recognized as anergic/suppressor cells. While the immunosuppressive activity of these CD4(+)CD25(+) cells has been validated and implicated in tolerance, autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer and infectious diseases, the mechanism(s)...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00003-0
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Th17 cells are a recently discovered subset of T helper cells characterised by the release of IL-17, and are thought to be important for mobilization of immune responses against microbial pathogens, but which also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The identification of C-type lectin receptors which...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.001
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Angiopoietin-1 and -2 are endogenous ligands for the vascular endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2. Signalling by angiopoietin-1 promotes vascular endothelial cell survival and the sprouting and reorganisation of blood vessels, as well as inhibiting activation of the vascular endothelial barrier to reduce leakage...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.009
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TGF-beta plays a central and critical role in tissue repair. The recent identification of TGF-beta signal transduction pathways involving Smad proteins has now made it possible to explore their contribution to the activities of TGF-beta in vivo. Both Smad3 and its closely related homolog Smad2 act as latent nuclear tr...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1359-6101(99)00036-2
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:HLA-G is an immunosuppressive molecule, that impairs the function of different immune cell populations, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we have analyzed data obtained by our group and others regarding sHLA-G concentration in plasma from patients with different diseases. Next, we have summarize...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.004
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ectodysplasin (Eda), a signaling molecule belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family, is required for normal development of several ectodermally derived organs in humans and mice. Two closely related isoforms of ectodysplasin, Eda-A1 and Eda-A2, have been described which bind to and activate two different receptors...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00020-0
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation and angiogenesis are two interdependent processes underlying pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. The initiation and progression of atherosclerosis strongly depends on specific patterns of cytokine expression. In this review, we analyze correlation between expression of two members of the cytokine fa...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.12.001
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite advances in therapies that target inflammation and tissue destruction in chronic arthritis, stimulation of tissue repair and restoration of joint function, the ultimate goal of treatment, is far from achieved. We introduce a new paradigm that may help to improve our understanding and management of chronic arth...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.02.009
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Concern regarding safety with respect to the clinical use of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has become an increasingly controversial topic. The role of BMP-2 in carcinogenesis is of particular concern. Although there have been many studies of this topic, the results have been contradictory and confusing. W...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.01.002
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Detection of invading pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is crucial for the activation of the innate immune response. These sensors signal through intertwining signaling cascades which result in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. Conjugation, or binding, of ubiquitin an...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.003
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The classic view that the role of immune cells in cancer is primarily one of tumor rejection has been supplanted by a more complex view of leukocytes having both pro- and anti-tumor properties. This shift is due to the now well recognized capabilities of several myeloid cell types that foster pro-tumor programming of ...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.002
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been described as being able to give rise to several quite different mesenchymal cell phenotypes. However, the ability to differentiate is not the only characteristic that makes these cells attractive for therapeutic purposes. The secretion of a broad range of bioactive molecules by ...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.002
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:IL-26 is classified as a member of the IL-10 cytokine family because it has limited sequence homology to IL-10 and the IL-10-related cytokines. The human IL-26 gene, IL26, is located on chromosome 12q15 between the genes for two other important class-2 cytokines, IFNG (IFN-γ) and IL22 (IL-22). IL-26 is often co-expres...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.001
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a member of the EGF family, is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor (proHB-EGF) that is cleaved to release a soluble HB-EGF by specific metalloproteases. Proteolytic cleavage of proHB-EGF yields amino- and carboxy-terminal fragments (HB-EGF and HB-EGF-C). Recent...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.002
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CXCL8 was the first chemokine shown to be secreted by thyrocytes. Experimental data suggest that CXCL8 plays a role in thyroid homeostasis but its role in thyroid diseases remains poorly investigated. Clinical studies measuring the serum levels of CXCL8 in patients with autoimmune-thyroid-diseases reported conflicting...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.08.001
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has long been recognized as a central component of the interferon (IFN) system. It was originally characterized as a key mediator of IFN induction in response to virus infection. Subsequently, it was identified as a prime activator of the antiviral response. In recent years the discovery of...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.016
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Investigators from a wide variety of disciplines met at the Second National Managed Health Care Congress Meeting on chemokines held in Washington, D.C. on December 14-15, 1997, to discuss the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of disease states, as well as a number of biological issues. Presentations on the effect...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type：
doi：10.1016/s1359-6101(98)00005-7
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The related Axl, Sky and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are increasingly being implicated in a host of discrete cellular responses including cell survival, proliferation, migration and phagocytosis. Furthermore, their ligands Gas6 and protein S are characteristically dependent on vitamin K for expression of thei...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.04.004
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eph receptors are the largest receptor tyrosine kinase family of transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain capable of recognizing signals from the cells' environment and influencing cell-cell interaction and cell migration. Ephrins are the ligands to Eph receptors and stimulate bi-directional signaling of th...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.09.002
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of cell surface growth factor receptors are subject to presenilin-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis (PS-RIP) after ligand binding and/or ectodomain cleavage. PS-RIP is mediated by a highly conserved multi-component membrane-bound protease, termed gamma-secretase, responsible for generating Alzheim...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.04.001
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Scatter Factors are two homologous proteins, named Scatter Factor/Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Macrophage Stimulating Protein. Their receptors are the products of two oncogenes, Met and Ron, respectively. The Scatter Factors induce movement, stimulate proliferation, regulate apoptosis and are morphogenic, i.e. ope...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.01.004
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is the most extensively studied member of the cytokine family that signal through intracellular chains of the gp130/LIFRβ receptor. The severe phenotype in patients suffering from mutations inactivating LIFRβ indicates that members of this cytokine family play key, non-redundant role...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.007
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccination, the revolutionary prophylactic immunotherapy developed in the eighteenth century, has become the most successful and cost-effective of medical remedies available to modern society. Due to the remarkable accomplishments of the past century, the number of diseases and pathogens for which a traditional vacci...
journal_title：Cytokine & growth factor reviews
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.07.001
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
