Abstract:
:The development of inhalation toxicology as a distinct discipline can be traced back well over one hundred years. The technology has advanced in terms of materials and designs used to construct inhalation chambers and the equipment used to generate controlled test atmospheres of a wide variety of gases, vapors, dusts, and droplets. Consideration of metered dose inhalers, a relatively recent concern, has led to the design of new equipment for administering this unique dosage form. The parameters used to evaluate inhalation toxicity are similar to those used for any other route of administration. In addition, there are some unique procedures for early screening of pulmonary toxicity, especially within a series of related chemicals.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Dorato MAdoi
10.1289/ehp.85-1568347subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-04-01 00:00:00pages
163-70eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
85pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The industrial accident that occurred in the town of Seveso, Italy, in 1976 exposed a large population to substantial amounts of relatively pure 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Extensive monitoring of soil levels and measurements of a limited number of human blood samples allowed classification of the exposed pop...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106625
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids, myomas) are the most common tumors occurring in the genital tract of women over 30 years of age. These benign uterine smooth-muscle tumors are estimated to be clinically significant in at least 25% of the American female population during their reproductive years. Furthermore, when thorou...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s5769
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Striking similarities have been observed in a number of extrapulmonary responses of rodents to seemingly disparate ambient pollutants. These responses are often characterized by primary decreases in important indices of cardiac and thermoregulatory function, along with secondary decreases in associated parameters. For...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109s4539
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are developmental neurotoxicants but also produce lasting effects on metabolism. OBJECTIVES/METHODS:We administered diazinon (DZN) or parathion (PRT) to rats on postnatal days 14 at doses straddling the threshold for systemic signs of exposure and assessed the effects on he...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0901237
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are known as neurotoxic compounds that may modulate sex steroid hormones. Steroid hormones play a mediating role in brain development and may influence behaviors that show sex differences, such as childhood play behavior. In this study we evaluated the effects of perinatal ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.021100593
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To evaluate the effectiveness of mass screening for uterine cancer in Japan, we compared the changes in the age-adjusted rates of potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to uterine cancer between 1969 and 1972 to 1973 through 1977 between the high coverage-rate (intensively screened) areas and the comparable control a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.908751
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organophosphates in increasing amounts and wider varieties of molecular structure are being used to replace the organochlorine pesticides. It has been assumed that the organophosphates as a class would have a minimal chronic toxicity due to rapid hydrolysis and an unfavorable partitioning as regards to lipids. The phy...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.761377
更新日期:1976-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolism of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) was studied in vitro by using rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and atmospheric O2. Quantitative recoveries of all PBBs were obtained after incubations with control or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced microsomes. Of the twelve major components, losses of o...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.782351
更新日期:1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are commonly used in the United States, and farmworkers are at risk for chronic exposure. Using a sample of 218 farmworkers in 24 communities and labor camps in eastern Washington State, we examined the association between agricultural crop and OP pesticide metabolite concentrations in ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8620
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have witnessed a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms which underly the activities of the nervous system. Such knowledge is essential in order to determine the basic mechanisms involved in neurotoxic events. An overview of how neurotoxins could conceivably interfere with ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7826121
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some have hypothesized that community water containing sodium silicofluoride and hydrofluosilicic acid may increase blood lead (PbB) concentrations in children by leaching of lead from water conduits and by increasing absorption of lead from water. Our analysis aimed to evaluate the relation between water fluoridation...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8319
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metals continually rank at the top of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's annual list of agents that pose the greatest hazard to the people of the United States. Metals aren't going away, either. They do not biodegrade, and they often concentrate in human and animal cells and tissue. Many metals are known human...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107a244
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The effect of indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations on asthma morbidity among inner-city preschool children is uncertain. OBJECTIVES:Our goal was to estimate the effect of indoor NO2 concentrations on asthma morbidity in an inner-city population while adjusting for other indoor pollutants. METHODS:We recr...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11349
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fish and other seafood may contain organic mercury but also beneficial nutrients such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We endeavored to study whether maternal fish consumption during pregnancy harms or benefits fetal brain development. We examined associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and maternal h...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8041
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposures to high-dose ionizing radiation and high-dose rate ionizing radiation are established risk factors for childhood acute leukemia (AL). The risk of AL following exposure to lower doses due to natural background radiation (NBR) has yet to be conclusively determined. METHODS:AL cases diagnosed over 19...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP296
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A review of the present understanding of asthma leads to the following conclusions: an elevated IgE is the principal risk factor in the development of childhood asthma; secondary exposure to a wide range of environmental agents (including indoor bioallergens) accounts for the variations in prevalence; prevalence (defi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s6243
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Discoveries that emerging and re-emerging pathogens have their origin in environmental change has created an urgent need to understand how these environmental changes impact disease burden. In this article we present a framework that provides a context from which to examine the relationship between environme...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9806
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A subset of workers was followed after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans in an occupational medicine clinic setting. Patterns of PCBs found in adipose tissue resembled the pattern seen when soot from the incident or Aroclor 1254 was examined by GC-MS. Adipose tissue also revealed levels...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8560241
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chlorination has been the major strategy for disinfection of drinking water in the United States. Concern about the potential health effects of the reaction by-products of chlorine has prompted use of alternative strategies. One such method is chloramination, a treatment process that does not appear to have carcinogen...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8669275
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A wide range of chemicals with diverse structures derived from plant and environmental origins are reported to have hormonal activity. The potential for appreciable exposure of humans to such substances prompts the need to develop sensitive screening methods to quantitate and evaluate the risk to the public. Yeast cel...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105734
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The findings of studies investigating whether exposures to ionizing radiation before birth, either pre- or post-conception, increase the risk of childhood cancer have provoked much scientific controversy. An epidemiological association between the abdominal exposure of pregnant women to diagnostic X-rays and childhood...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.951031018
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most air pollution in West Germany is caused by combustion products. Particulate organic matter released by incomplete combustion is suspected to contribute to the "urban factor" of lung cancer frequency in urban-industrial centers. The carcinogenic potential of single components, groups of compounds and total source ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8347293
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic compounds that are widely used in industry and are often detectable in humans. In pregnant rats and their pups, PFASs can interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. In humans, maternal thyroid hormones supply the fetus throughout pregnancy, and thyroid hormone...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1306925
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Preterm birth (PTB), a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity, has a complex etiology with a multitude of interacting causes and risk factors. The role of environmental contaminants, particularly bisphenol A (BPA), is understudied with regard to PTB. OBJECTIVES:In the present study we examined the ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1408126
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stable associations of syntrophic fermentative organisms and populations that consume fermentation products play key roles in the anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated organic contaminants. The involvement of these syntrophic populations is essential for mineralization of chlorinated aromatic compounds under methano...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6933
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thirty compounds of various chemical classes were investigated for mutagenicity in a collaborative study (three laboratories) using Salmonella typhimurium TA102. With five compounds, hydrazine sulfate, phenylhydrazine, hydralazine, glutardialdehyde, and glyoxal, mutagenicity was detected by all laboratories. Formaldeh...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.101-1521147
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are important environmental contaminants, and their toxicity to wildlife and humans are of major concern. PCBs form persistent and abundant metabolites, PCB methyl sulfones, that accumulate in biota. We now report that certain hydroxylated PCB metabolites show a strong and selective ac...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102464
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human biomonitoring investigations have provided data on a wide array of chemicals in blood and urine and in other tissues and fluids such as hair and human milk. These data have prompted questions such as a) What is the relationship between levels of environmental chemicals in humans and external exposures? b) What i...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8197
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Drinking water contamination related to the use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has been documented at hundreds of military bases, airports, and firefighter training facilities. AFFF has historically contained high levels of long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which pose serious health...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP6470
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The presence of low concentrations of perchlorate in some drinking water sources has led to concern regarding potential effects on the thyroid. In a recently published report, the National Academy of Sciences indicated that the perchlorate dose required to cause hypothyroidism in adults would probably be > 0.40 mg/kg-...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7814
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00