Abstract:
:A review of the present understanding of asthma leads to the following conclusions: an elevated IgE is the principal risk factor in the development of childhood asthma; secondary exposure to a wide range of environmental agents (including indoor bioallergens) accounts for the variations in prevalence; prevalence (defined by a positive answer to the question "Have you ever had doctor-diagnosed asthma?") ranges between 4 and 8% in children. Black children have a slightly higher prevalence than white children in the United States, and in both races boys have a higher prevalence than girls. A high prevalence is found in Puerto Rican children in the United States. Patterns of utilization of health care resources (hospital emergency departments, individual physicians, etc.) are dependent on economic circumstances. Low-income children have higher annual morbidity (days in hospital, days off school, etc.) than higher income children and are more dependent on hospital emergency departments for primary care. Relatively little is known about nonatopic asthma in adults, although virus infections and occupational exposures play some part in its induction. There are some striking examples of asthma attack periodicity, and much may be learned from these. Hospital admissions for asthma have increased in many regions over the past 15 years; it is unlikely that this represents the increased admission of milder cases and hence would indicate that asthma has become more severe. This is likely to be a more sensitive indicator of change than mortality. Associations between indices of health effects and air pollutants indicate that these are probably playing a role in the worsening of asthma. Adverse effects related to SO2 and NO2 exposures have been documented, and fine particulate pollution (PM10) is also associated with worsening of asthma. Ozone is an intense respiratory irritant, and, together with acid aerosols, may well be playing a role in the worsening of asthma. It is not known whether any of these agents are affecting prevalence.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Bates DVdoi
10.1289/ehp.95103s6243subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-09-01 00:00:00pages
243-7eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
103 Suppl 6pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Although press reports indicate that the leakage of methyl isocyanate (MIC) on December 3, 1984, in Bhopal has led to an increase in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, infant mortality, and fetal abnormalities, no clinical or experimental studies on the reproductive toxicity of MIC were reported in scientific journal...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8772153
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is ongoing discussion that inhaled nanoparticles (NPs, < 100 nm) may translocate from epithelial deposition sites of the lungs to systemic circulation. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS:We studied the disappearance of NPs from the epithelium by sequential lung retention and clearance and bronchoalveolar lavage (...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9685
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cigarette smoke exposure in utero and during early postnatal development increases the incidence of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) later in life, suggesting that a possible critical period of developmental sensitivity exists in the prenatal and early postnatal periods. OBJECTIVE:We investigated...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0800511
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concern about apparent increases in the prevalence of hypospadias--a congenital male reproductive-tract abnormality--in the 1960s to 1980s and the possible connection to increasing exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals have underlined the importance of effective surveillance of hypospadias prevalence in the popu...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6398
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously reported that rats are resilient to the hepatotoxic and lethal combination of chlordecone (CD) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) during early postnatal development. The overall findings pointed to stimulated cell division and tissue repair mechanisms as the underlying cause of resistance. The objectiv...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106597
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have witnessed a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms which underly the activities of the nervous system. Such knowledge is essential in order to determine the basic mechanisms involved in neurotoxic events. An overview of how neurotoxins could conceivably interfere with ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7826121
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1998 we published the results of a study suggesting an association between breast cancer and perchloroethylene (PCE; also called tetrachloroethylene) exposure from public drinking water. The present case-control study was undertaken to evaluate this association further. The cases were composed of female residents o...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.4980
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The etiologies of the male urogenital anomalies hypospadias and cryptorchidism remain unclear. It has been suggested that maternal diet and environmental contaminants may affect the risk of these anomalies via placental or hormonal disturbances. OBJECTIVES:We examined associations between organic food consu...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1409518
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games provided a unique case study to investigate the effect of source control measures on the reduction in air pollution, and associated inhalation cancer risk, in a Chinese megacity. OBJECTIVES:We measured 17 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and estimated the l...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1003100
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Bisphenol A (BPA) is known to be biologically active in experimental models even at low levels of exposure. However, its impact on endometrial cancer remains unclear. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to investigate whether lifelong exposure to different doses of BPA induced uterine abnormalities and molecular ch...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP6875
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Until recently, mutagenicity testing was done on preselected compounds in a manner in which the testing laboratories knew the identity of the substances under test and the "expected" results, i.e., positive for compounds selected because of their carcinogenicity and negative for food additives. There is no completed s...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7720253
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was undertaken to explore the effects of chronic low-level cadmium ingestion in Dahl hypertension-resistant (R) and hypertension-sensitive (S) lines of rats. Groups of weanling female R and S rats were given 0 or 1 mg cadmium/1. in drinking water and fed either a low salt (0.4% NaCl) or a high salt (4% NaCl...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7928261
更新日期:1979-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The carcinogenic properties of selected metals and their compounds are reviewed to provide a useful reference for existing knowledge on relationships between physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcinogenic potential and between epidemiology, bioassays, and short-term tests. Extensive consideration is given to a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9195157
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to examine whether perinatal exposure to two major environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA; 0.1 mg/kg/day orally) and nonylphenol [NP; 0.1 mg/kg/day (low dose) and 10 mg/kg/day (high dose) orally] daily from gestational day 3 to postnatal day 20 (transplacental and ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6961
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neonatal treatment of female mice with diethystilbestrol (DES) is known to induce ovary-independent persistent proliferation and cornification of vaginal epithelium. This irreversibly changed vaginal epithelium persistently expressed higher levels of c-jun and c-fos mRNAs, which was not altered by postpubertal estroge...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s779
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An important public health challenge has been the need to protect children's health. To accomplish this goal, the scientific community needs scientifically based child-specific risk assessment methods. Critical to their development is the need to understand mechanisms underlying children's sensitivity to environmental...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s113
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Air pollution data in Bangkok, Thailand, indicate that levels of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM(10)) are significantly higher than in most cities in North America and Western Europe, where the health effects of PM(10) are well documented. However, the pollution mix, seasona...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10849
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs (HO-PCBs) and octachlorostyrene (4-HO-HpCS), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were determined in umbilical cord plasma samples from three different regions of Québec. The regions studied included two coastal areas where exposure to PCBs is...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110411
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many naturally occurring and man-made chemicals present in the environment possess estrogenic activity. Examples include plant and fungal products, pesticides, plasticizers, and other agricultural and industrial chemicals. These environmental estrogens as well as endogenous ovarian estrogens are thought to initiate th...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s729
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to environmental pollutants may contribute to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). We determined the ZIP codes containing or abutting each of the approximately 900 hazardous waste sites in New York and identified the major contaminants in each. Three categories of ZIP codes were then distinguished...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7595
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::An increased gastrointestinal cancer risk is associated with occupational exposure to asbestos fiber. Examination of tissues obtained from extrapulmonary organs of exposed workmen demonstrates the presence of asbestos fibers and bodies. The amount of fiber present in these tissues is many magnitudes less than encounte...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.749229
更新日期:1974-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This working paper summarizes the known ultrastructural and biochemical effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic on subcellular organelle systems following in vivo administration. Documented metal-induced alterations in nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and lysosomal functions are discussed in relation to thei...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.782237
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::An estimated 8000 children 0 to 14 years of age are diagnosed annually with cancer in the United States. Leukemia and brain tumors are the most common childhood malignancies, accounting for 30 and 20% of newly diagnosed cases, respectively. From 1975 to 1978 to 1987 to 1990, cancer among white children increased sligh...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s6177
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian respiratory tract is densely innervated by autonomic and sensory nerves around airways and blood vessels. Subsets of these nerves contain a number of putative neurotransmitter peptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory nerves and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.85-1568331
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although a long latency period of toxicity after exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) is known to exist in humans, few animal studies have addressed this issue. Substantiation of delayed MeHg toxicity in animals would affect the risk evaluation of MeHg. OBJECTIVES:Our goal in this study was to demonstrate the e...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10906
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asbestos and other mineral fibers are carcinogenic to humans and animals but differ from many carcinogens in that they do not induce gene mutations. An understanding of these interesting human carcinogens, therefore, is an important problem in cancer research. Asbestos and other fibers induce predominantly two types o...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.898181
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vivo detection of free radicals on a quantitative basis is essential for an establishment of their role in membrane, protein, and cell and tissue damage. This article compares optical methods, including chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and NMR methods for the study of free radicals and free ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s1029
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heightened concern over endocrine-disrupting chemicals is driven by the hypothesis that they could reduce reproductive success and affect wildlife populations, but there is little evidence for this expectation. The pharmaceutical ethynylestradiol (EE2) is a potent endocrine modulator and is present in the aquatic envi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7209
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neurochemical basis of memory has been approached experimentally in four different ways: the bioassay; the interventive approach; the interventive-correlative approach; and the correlative approach. These approaches are fundamentally similar to those used for the study of the chemistry of any behavior. Each of the...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.7826143
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is accumulating evidence that the multistage carcinogenic process is associated with the progressive acquisition of mutations in cellular proto-oncogenes and in growth-suppressor genes. At the same time, several types of evidence indicate that nongenotoxic agents and epigenetic events also play an important role...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9193175
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00