Abstract：
:Acid-base balance is critical for normal life. Acute and chronic disturbances impact cellular energy metabolism, endocrine signaling, ion channel activity, neuronal activity, and cardiovascular functions such as cardiac contractility and vascular blood flow. Maintenance and adaptation of acid-base homeostasis are mostly controlled by respiration and kidney. The kidney contributes to acid-base balance by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate, regenerating bicarbonate through ammoniagenesis and generation of protons, and by excreting acid. This review focuses on acid-base disorders caused by renal processes, both inherited and acquired. Distinct rare inherited monogenic diseases affecting acid-base handling in the proximal tubule and collecting duct have been identified. In the proximal tubule, mutations of solute carrier 4A4 (SLC4A4) (electrogenic Na+/HCO3--cotransporter Na+/bicarbonate cotransporter e1 [NBCe1]) and other genes such as CLCN5 (Cl-/H+-antiporter), SLC2A2 (GLUT2 glucose transporter), or EHHADH (enoyl-CoA, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase) causing more generalized proximal tubule dysfunction can cause proximal renal tubular acidosis resulting from bicarbonate wasting and reduced ammoniagenesis. Mutations in adenosine triphosphate ATP6V1 (B1 H+-ATPase subunit), ATPV0A4 (a4 H+-ATPase subunit), SLC4A1 (anion exchanger 1), and FOXI1 (forkhead transcription factor) cause distal renal tubular acidosis type I. Carbonic anhydrase II mutations affect several nephron segments and give rise to a mixed proximal and distal phenotype. Finally, mutations in genes affecting aldosterone synthesis, signaling, or downstream targets can lead to hyperkalemic variants of renal tubular acidosis (type IV). More common forms of renal acidosis are found in patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease and are owing, at least in part, to a reduced capacity for ammoniagenesis.
journal_name
Semin Nephroljournal_title
Seminars in nephrologyauthors
Wagner CA,Imenez Silva PH,Bourgeois Sdoi
10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.04.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-07-01 00:00:00pages
340-352issue
4eissn
0270-9295issn
1558-4488pii
S0270-9295(19)30037-3journal_volume
39pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Studies performed over the last 10 years have evaluated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the control of renal hemodynamics. This article reviews the effects of administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockers on renal function in experimental animals and human volunteers. These studies show that NOS blockade inc...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the most important and lethal effects of animal venoms is nephrotoxicity. In Latin America, severe acute kidney injury has been reported after accidents with poisonous arthropods such as bees, caterpillars of the genus Lonomia, and spiders of the genus Loxosceles. In this article the characteristics of these ve...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.04.006
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although evidence has accumulated indicating a close relationship between inflammation and atherosclerosis, the relationship between inflammation and vascular calcification in patients with chronic renal failure is unclear. In the present study, the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and vascular calcificat...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2004.06.008
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The search for an endogenous digitalis has led to the identification of the cardenolides ouabain and digoxin and the bufadienolide marinobufagenin in mammalian tissues and biological fluids. Ouabain's release from adrenal glands is under the control of epinephrine and angiotensin II; hence, its blood concentration cha...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.03.010
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The renal biopsy provides critical diagnostic and prognostic information to clinicians including cases of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and allograft dysfunction. Today, biopsy specimens are read using a combination of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence, with a limite...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.09.005
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although systemic hypertension is a common clinical condition, hypertensive emergencies are distinctly unusual in clinical practice. There are some situations, however, that qualify as hypertensive emergencies or urgencies. It is important, therefore, to diagnose these conditions because immediate treatment of severe ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.02.011
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Membranous nephropathy (MN), the most common cause of adult-onset nephrotic syndrome (NS) in Caucasians, is associated commonly with the secondary complications of hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulability. These may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, alter the rate of progression of renal disease, and raise th...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0270-9295(03)00058-5
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Traditionally, renal ischemia has been regarded as central to the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI). Accordingly, hemodynamic management of SA-AKI has emphasized restoration of renal perfusion, whereas, experimentally, ischemia reperfusion models have been emphasized. However, in human bei...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.01.007
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic kidney disease, defined as reduced glomerular filtration rate (estimated using serum creatinine- and/or serum cystatin C-based equations) or excess urinary protein excretion, affects approximately 13% of adult Americans and is linked to a variety of clinical complications. Although persons with end-stage renal...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.006
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The renal tubular epithelium maintains different sets of transport proteins in plasma membrane domains facing the lumenal and mucosal fluids and limits diffusion between these two compartments. This asymmetry is generated by directing transporters to the appropriate membrane domain, a process that requires both an int...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of organic acids including phenols are accumulated in plasma of uremic patients because of reduced renal clearance. Some of them account for uremic problems such as reduced drug binding. Protein-bound organic acids such as hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A major challenge facing the nephrology community in the United States is the training of adequate numbers of nephrologists to meet patient care and research needs. There is particular cause for concern because of the increasing incidence and prevalence of patients with chronic kidney disease. Data on the clinical and...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.06.011
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dent's disease and familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) are inherited diseases in which hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure are prominent features. Dent's disease resembles a Fanconi syndrome, with impaired reabsorption in the proximal tubule; FHHNC, with urinary los...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1053/j.semnephrol.2003.08.011
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of antineoplastic chemotherapeutic drugs may produce fluid and electrolyte disturbances or nephrotoxic reactions extending across the clinical spectrum, from subclinical renal dysfunction to progressive chronic renal insufficiency to severe acute failure. Although some of the drugs that are highly nephrotoxic...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kidney disease has been shown to be highly prevalent in cancer patients in the IRMA studies (Renal Insufficiency and Anticancer Medications). Furthermore, anticancer drugs used in those patients, among which half have abnormal renal function, necessitate dosage adjustment in case of reduced renal function and/or is po...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.09.003
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Monocytes/macrophages and activated (but not resting) lymphocytes as well as certain subsets of thymocytes express the VDR. This protein is indistinguishable from the classical 50-kDa VDR and is encoded by an mRNA with identical nucleotide sequence to that of the human intestinal VDR. Acting via the VDR, 1,25(OH)2D3 m...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genetic variants account for much of the excess risk of chronic and end-stage kidney disease, which results in a significant global health disparity for persons of African ancestry. We estimate the lifetime risk of kidney disease in APOL1 dual-risk allele individuals to be at least 15%. Exper...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.04.008
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been known for decades that urinary potassium excretion varies with a circadian pattern. In this review, we consider the historical evidence for this phenomenon and present an overview of recent developments in the field. Extensive evidence from the latter part of the past century clearly shows that circadian p...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.04.003
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In aggregate, the evidence reviewed here supports a very important role for PDGF expression and action at local glomerular and interstitial sites in human kidney development and disease. PDGF delivered by platelets, or produced by endogenous cells of the kidney is capable of stimulating responses including proliferati...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The progressive decline of glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease patients is associated with a significant reduction in food intake. Approximately one third of chronic dialysis patients complain of a fair or poor appetite and this is related directly to poor patient outcomes. Appetite regulation involve...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.10.003
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kidney function declines with age in association with the development of age-associated glomerulosclerosis. The well-established structural and functional changes with age are reviewed briefly. The modification of aging pathology by calorie restriction is discussed. The role of the podocyte as a critical cell in the a...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.07.012
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rapid understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of organ function and disease processes will be translated in the next millennium into new therapeutic approaches to a wide range of clinical disorders, including acute and chronic renal failure. Central to these new therapies are the developing fields of gen...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophages have long been regarded as classic mediators of innate immunity because of their production of proinflammatory cytokines and their ability to induce apoptotic cell death. As a result of such activities and the detrimental long-term effect of kidney inflammation, macrophages principally have been regarded a...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.03.011
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The first part of this article focuses on the risk of functional deterioration in subjects with solitary kidneys; the long-term clinical outcome of various subgroups of patients is reviewed. Thereafter, the pathophysiology of the renal functional reserve in subjects with a 50% reduction in renal parenchyma and the res...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pathogenesis of many common etiologies of nephropathy has been informed by recent molecular genetic breakthroughs. It now is apparent that the ethnic disparity in the risk for nondiabetic chronic kidney disease between African Americans and European Americans is explained largely by variation in the apolipoprotein...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.07.006
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Besides loss of life and property, natural disasters result in a number of renal challenges, either by the creation of rhabdomyolysis and crush-induced acute kidney injury or by the destruction of existing dialysis facilities, leaving chronic dialysis patients and kidney transplanted patients without access to their r...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.06.007
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, and HHV-7 are ubiquitous β-herpesviruses that can cause opportunistic infection and disease in kidney transplant recipients. Active CMV infection and disease are associated with acute allograft failure and death, and HHV-6 and HHV-7 replication are associated with CMV...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.012
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in information technology have changed human interactions. These changes have had considerable implications for nonmedical and medical educational practices. The use of semi-private applications such as WhatsApp (Mountain View, CA), Slack (Canada), Viber (Israel), and Google Hangouts (Mountain View, CA) has n...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.04.010
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure is a critically important aspect to consider in the study and management of drug-induced kidney injury. Although blood concentrations of kidney toxicants often may provide a valid surrogate measure of kidney exposure, the kidney has several unique physiological and biochemical properties that lend themselves ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.006
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Frailty is a distinct phenotype that is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and appears to be more prevalent with decreasing glomerular filtration rate. Exercise training or intervention to increase physical activity may ameliorate poor physical functioning and frailty, and even may improve survival in pa...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.12.006
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
