Abstract：
:Synthetic immunosuppressive drugs are largely used in immune-related renal diseases and in kidney transplantation. Most of these drugs have a low therapeutic index (the ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic and the concentration at which the drug is effective), which means that the drug should be dosed carefully and the patient monitored frequently. In this review, we consider the categories of synthetic immunosuppressive agents more frequently and conventionally used in clinical nephrology: glucocorticoids, Aalkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil), purine synthesis inhibitors (azathioprine, mycophenolate salts) and calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus). For each category the possible side effects will be reviewed, the general and specific measures to prevent or treat the adverse events will be suggested, and the more common mistakes that may increase the risk of toxicity will be described. However, the efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents depend not only on the pharmacologic characteristics of single drugs but can be influenced also by the clinical condition and genetic characteristics of the patient, by the typology and severity of the underlying disease and by the interaction with other concomitantly used drugs.
journal_name
J Nephroljournal_title
Journal of nephrologyauthors
Ponticelli C,Glassock RJdoi
10.1007/s40620-019-00602-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-12-01 00:00:00pages
851-870issue
6eissn
1121-8428issn
1724-6059pii
10.1007/s40620-019-00602-5journal_volume
32pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is at high risk of relapse at any time, therefore patients require lifelong monitoring. The most appropriate way to monitor patients is not yet clear. Patients could be monitored for relapse by urine dipstick testing for haemoglobinuria based on the hypothesis that ...
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更新日期：2021-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major cause of concern in end stage renal disease (ESRD), contributing to 70% of cardiovascular mortality and 27% of all-cause mortality in dialysis patients. Yet its mechanisms and pathogenesis remain largely obscure. This review discusses the potential reasons for an exaggerated risk ...
journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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doi：10.1007/s40620-014-0151-3
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abstract：:The authors review the antineoplastic effect of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and their biological basis. mTOR is an intracellular serine/threonine kinase that is a central controller of cell growth and proliferation. mTOR integrates signals from sources such as nutrients and growth factors. mTOR reg...
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更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The clinical benefits of on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF) versus high-flux membranes hemodialysis (hf-HD) are still debated. In fact, although a superiority of one treatment over the other, especially in terms of mortality, did not emerge from the analysis of clinical trials, improved intradialytic vascular s...
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journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The risks connected with dialysis fluid contamination are well established. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated just how difficult it is to obtain permanently satisfactory quality standards. Therefore, dialysis centers must have effective and regular quality control programs, particularly with the grow...
journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A definite epidemiological association exists between kidney stone disease and arterial hypertension, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are still not fully understood. Hypercalciuria or inflammation and oxidative stress have been proposed as possible links. However, there is more convincing evidence that the assoc...
journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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doi：10.1007/s40620-014-0068-x
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journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5301/jn.5000171
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Peripheral artery disease (PAD) represents a major complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, but its early diagnosis is still problematic. Traditionally, ankle-arm blood pressure index (API) determined by means of a simple hand-held unidimensional Doppler device has been used for noninvasive dia...
journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of nephrology
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更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
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doi：
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5301/JN.2011.7740
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5301/jn.5000146
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
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doi：
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been developed to overcome recognized deficiencies and inaccuracies of classic (office) BP measurements in the diagnosis and management of hypertension (HTN). Although in adults it has become a valuable tool for the diagnosis and ongoing management of HTN, and its use ha...
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更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
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doi：10.1007/s40620-020-00912-z
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更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00
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doi：10.1007/s40620-018-0514-2
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
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doi：
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A widely diffused method to measure the reabsorption by single segments of the nephron in humans is based on water diuresis (WD), assuming that the peak urine flow rate approximates proximal delivery (PD). However, back-diffusion of an unknown volume of solute-free water (CH2O-BD) from lumen to the interstitium even i...
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doi：
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
