The sunk cost effect across species: A review of persistence in a course of action due to prior investment.

abstract：:Three rats were exposed to a multiple schedule in which separate presentations of light and tone alternated with periods during which light and tone were absent. In Phase 1, light and tone each signalled identical variable-interval schedules of food delivery. In Phase 2, light and tone signalled separate but concurren...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Wiltz RA

更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:White rats were scheduled to be shocked every 15 sec; but they were given a limited time interval between shocks when they could prevent the next scheduled shock from occurring if they pressed a lever. The duration of this limited avoidance period was varied, as was its location within the interval between scheduled s...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： SIDMAN M

更新日期：1962-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human-observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of points via critical-signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WEINER H

更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Discriminative responding in pigeons was studied under multiple variable-interval extinction and variable-ratio extinction schedules, as deprivation was varied. Generally, the greater the accuracy of discrimination that developed during training, the smaller the effect of deprivation upon subsequent performance. This ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Powell RW

更新日期：1971-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained in a matching-to-sample procedure with retention intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 s mixed within each session. In different conditions, reinforcement was delayed by 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 s from correct choice responses. Discriminability decreased with increasing retention-interval duration and with in...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sargisson RJ,White KG

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study tested the notion that an equivalence relation may include a response when differential responses are paired with stimuli presented during training. Eight normal adults learned three kinds of computer mouse movements as differential response topographies (R1, R2, and R3). Next, in matching-to-sample trainin...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shimizu H

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-sho...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jr

更新日期：1964-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To study how effort affects reward value, we replicated Fortes, Vasconcelos and Machado's (2015) study using an adjusting-delay task. Nine pigeons chose between a standard alternative that gave access to 4 s of food, after a 10 s delay, and an adjusting-delay alternative that gave access to 12 s of food after a delay ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： García-Leal Ó,Barrón E,Camarena-Pérez H,Vílchez Z

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An apparatus was developed to study social reinforcement in the rat. Four Long-Evans female rats were trained to press a lever via shaping, with the reinforcer being access to a castrated male rat. Responding under a fixed-ratio schedule and in extinction was also observed. Social access was found to be an effective r...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Evans MJ,Duvel A,Funk ML,Lehman B,Sparrow J,Watson NT,Neuringer A

更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were exposed to an unsignalled avoidance procedure where key pecks were maintained through shock postponement. Functions obtained showed an inverse relationship between rate of responding and length of the response-shock interval, while changes in the shock-shock interval had no systematic effect on respo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Todorov JC,Ferrari EA,De Souza DG

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When humans predict criterion events based on probabilistic predictors, they often lend excessive weight to the predictor and insufficient weight to the base rate of the criterion event. In an operant analysis, using a matching-to-sample paradigm, Goodie and Fantino (1996) showed that humans exhibit base-rate neglect ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kutzner F,Freytag P,Vogel T,Fiedler K

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats' lever presses and drinking-tube contacts were studied under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation and under a tandem schedule composed of three fixed intervals. One group of rats was exposed first to the tandem schedule, next to fixed-interval schedules of comparable interpellet intervals, and once again...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McLeod DR,Gollub LR

更新日期：1976-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine is selectively involved in cocaine reinforcement was investigated in the rat. Animals were trained under a multiple schedule in which responding was reinforced by intravenous cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/injection) or food (45-mg pellets) under fixed-ratio 15 schedule requirements in alt...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Caine SB,Koob GF

更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The performance of a rat provided with continuous opportunity to obtain reinforcing brain stimulation over a 20-day period is described in detail. The animal averaged 29.2 responses per min during the entire time. Testing session was terminated by experimenters, but a day-by-day analysis of behavior provided no eviden...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： VALENSTEIN ES,BEER B

更新日期：1964-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The aim of this study was to explore a behavior-analytic model of analogical reasoning, defined as the discrimination of formal similarity via equivalence-equivalence responding. In Experiment 1, adult humans were trained and tested for the formation of four three-member equivalence relations: A1-B1-C1, A2-B2-C2, A3-B...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Stewart I,Barnes-Holmes D,Roche B,Smeets PM

更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present experiment examined the effects of varying stimulus disparity and relative punisher frequencies on signal detection by humans. Participants were placed into one of two groups. Group 3 participants were presented with 1:3 and 3:1 punisher frequency ratios, while Group 11 participants were presented with 1:1...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lie C,Alsop B

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons pecked a key under two-component multiple variable-ratio schedules that offered 8-s or 2-s access to grain. Phase 1 assessed the effects of differences in reinforcer magnitude on postreinforcement pausing, as a function of ratio size. In Phase 2, postreinforcement pausing and the first five interresponse times...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Blakely E,Schlinger H

更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a conjoint schedule, reinforcement is available simultaneously on two or more schedules for the same response. The present experiments provided food for key pecking on both a random-interval and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule. Experiment 1 involved ordinary DRL schedules; Experiment 2 added...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD,Blakely TF

更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were trained to criterion in successive reversals of a classically conditioned heart-rate discrimination. Criterion was attained more rapidly in the later reversals in the series than in the early reversals and the inter-problem learning curve was of the same general form as that found with successive instrumenta...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Tighe TJ,Graves DM,Riley CA

更新日期：1968-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Preferences for larger or smaller defined response classes were investigated in a concurrent schedule precedure. Twelve pigeons were run on a series of concurrent variable-interval reinforcement schedules, from which baseline matching functions were obtained. An experimental phase followed, in which a second response ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Leigland SM

更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bower's (1961) all-or-none model of human paired-associate learning was applied to individual data supplied by three pigeons. When the center one of three keys was illuminated with red light or with three white dots in a vertical array on a black ground, pecking on the left key was reinforced. When the center key was ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rodewald HK

更新日期：1973-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Experiment I, keylight was paired with inaccessible grain delivery (under two conditions of keylight intensity) to determine if autoshaping would occur in the absence of primary reinforcement. In Experiment II, the procedure was repeated with accessible grain, for comparison. In Experiment III, the procedures were ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zentall TR,Hogan DE

更新日期：1975-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed with...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Harrison JM

更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Escape responses of squirrel monkeys were reinforced according to a fixed-ratio schedule. The reinforcement was a period of safety from a stimulus that signalled the delivery of intermittent pain-shocks. When the frequency of shock was gradually reduced, the performance remained at a high level until the shocks were q...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： AZRIN NH,HOLZ WC,HAKE DF,AYLLON T

更新日期：1963-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Emerging evidence suggests that nicotine may enhance short-term memory. Some of this evidence comes from nonhuman primate research using a procedure called delayed matching-to-sample, wherein the monkey is trained to select a comparison stimulus that matches some physical property of a previously presented sample stim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kangas BD,Branch MN

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons were trained on a multiple reinforcement schedule consisting of two limited-hold schedules, one in which a discriminative stimulus (S(D)) accompanied the periodic reinforcement contingency, and one in which the discriminative stimulus was omitted. The duration of the limited-hold in each component of the ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WEISSMAN A

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of organisms to detect reinforcer-rate changes in choice preparations is positively related to two factors: the magnitude of the change in rate and the frequency with which rates change. Gallistel (2012) suggested similar rate-detection processes are responsible for decreases in responding during operant e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Craig AR,Shahan TA

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to four cycles per session of a multiple schedule in which each cycle involved twelve 60-sec fixed intervals followed by four 180-sec intervals [(12 FI 60-sec)(4 FI 180-sec) schedule]. Post-reinforcement pauses were shorter during the first few short intervals of each cycle than during later short...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Staddon JE

更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Analyses of free-operant choice usually employ one of two general procedures: the simple concurrent procedure (i.e., a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule) or the concurrent-chains procedure (i.e., concurrently available initial links, each leading to an exclusively available terminal link). Theori...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Vaughan W

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In studies of operant choice, when one schedule of a concurrent pair is varied while the other is held constant, the constancy of the constant schedule may exert discriminative control over performance. In our earlier experiments, schedules varied reciprocally across components within sessions, so that while food rati...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Baum WM,Davison M

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00