The control of responding by sounds: unusual effect of reinforcement.

abstract：:Comparison was made of two methods for training monkeys to "observe" a two-member serial position sequence by pressing two consecutively lighted keys and then to "report" the sequence by pressing the same two keys in the same order but without the lights. A fading technique involving gradual elimination of brightness ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mackay HA,Brown SM

更新日期：1971-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is widely assumed that reinforcers are biologically relevant stimuli, or stimuli that have been associated with biologically relevant stimuli. However, brief, arbitrary stimuli have also been reported to have reinforcement-like effects, despite being unrelated to biologically relevant stimuli like food. The present...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bai JYH,Cowie S,Macaskill AC,Elliffe D,Podlesnik CA

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-sho...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jr

更新日期：1964-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Twelve preschool children participated in a study of the effects of explicit training on the imitation of modeled behavior. The responses trained involved a marble-dropping pattern that differed from the modeled pattern. Training consisted of physical prompts and verbal praise during a single session. No prompts or pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bondy AS

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study investigated the effects of positive and negative GABA(A) modulators under three different baselines of repeated acquisition in squirrel monkeys in which the monkeys acquired a three-response sequence on three keys under a second-order fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food reinforcement. In two of these ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Campbell UC,Winsauer PJ,Stevenson MW,Moerschbaecher JM

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments using human participants varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers or point-loss punishers in two-alternative signal-detection procedures. Experiment 1 varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers for correct responses (Group A) and point-loss punishers for errors (Group B) across condit...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lie C,Alsop B

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained on a non-spatial delayed alternation task in which the color not pecked on the previous trial was correct. When varying delays were interposed between trials, alternation accuracy decreased as a function of delay, but remained greater than chance with a 45-sec delay. Successful alternation on the ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Williams BA

更新日期：1971-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Preschool children were taught four two-choice match-to-sample conditional discriminations with 10 arbitrary visual stimuli. For 6 participants, 2 of the 10 stimuli served as the sample, or conditional, stimuli in all discriminations. For 5 additional participants, the same pair of stimuli served as the discriminative...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Saunders RR,Drake KM,Spradlin JE

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments examined the influence of a brief stimulus (a light) on the behavior of food-deprived rats whose lever pressing on tandem schedules comprising components of different schedule types resulted in food presentation. In Experiment 1, either a tandem variable-ratio variable-interval or a tandem variable-i...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Reed P

更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When a number of two-stimulus relations are established through training within a set of stimuli, other two-stimulus relations often emerge in the same set without direct training. These, termed "transitive stimulus relations," have been demonstrated with a variety of visual and auditory stimuli. The phenomenon has se...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fields L,Verhave T,Fath S

更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five 14(1/2)- to 19(1/2)-month-old infants were trained to lever press for snacks on small fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. Within four to nine sessions, responding under FR 10 was established for four subjects and FR 15 for the other. Each subject's last session revealed behavioral patterns similar to animal a...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Weisberg P,Fink E

更新日期：1966-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study used within-session transitions between two concurrent schedules to evaluate choice in transition. Eight female Long-Evans rats were trained to respond under concurrent schedules of reinforcement during experimental sessions that lasted 22 hr. The generalized matching equation was used to model stead...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Banna KM,Newland MC

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Groups of three rats were placed in a chamber containing one response lever and one water dispenser. A variety of schedule conditions were explored including fixed ratio, extinction, satiation, fixed interval, fixed time, differential reinforcement of low rates, and discrimination learning. Each group was treated as a...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Grott R,Neuringer A

更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We studied the choice behavior of 2 monkeys in a discrete-trial task with reinforcement contingencies similar to those Herrnstein (1961) used when he described the matching law. In each session, the monkeys experienced blocks of discrete trials at different relative-reinforcer frequencies or magnitudes with unsignalle...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lau B,Glimcher PW

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sexual reinforcers are not part of a regulatory system involved in the maintenance of critical metabolic processes, they differ for males and females, they differ as a function of species and mating system, and they show ontogenetic and seasonal changes related to endocrine conditions. Exposure to a member of the oppo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Crawford LL,Holloway KS,Domjan M

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were trained to detect differences in light intensity. Two stimuli, S1 and S2, differing in intensity, were arranged on the center key of a three-key chamber according to set probabilities. A peck on the center key turned on the two side keys. When S1 was presented on the center key, a peck on the left ke...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McCarthy D,Davison M

更新日期：1979-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many adults engage in ultraviolet indoor tanning despite evidence of its association with skin cancer. The constellation of behaviors associated with ultraviolet indoor tanning is analogous to that in other behavioral addictions. Despite a growing literature on ultraviolet indoor tanning as an addiction, there remains...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Reed DD,Kaplan BA,Becirevic A,Roma PG,Hursh SR

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carter and Werner recently reviewed the literature on conditional discrimination learning by pigeons, which consists of studies of matching-to-sample and oddity-from-sample. They also discussed three models of such learning: the "multiple-rule" model (learning of stimulus-specific relations), the "configuration" model...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schrier AM,Thompson CR

更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eight retarded adolescents were trained to select one (a trained S+) of two visual stimuli in response to a spoken word (a trained word). Two different visual stimuli alternated randomly as the S-. To determine if the spoken work was merely a temporal discriminative stimulus for when to respond, or if it also specifie...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dixon LS

更新日期：1977-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A paradigm for the control of visual fixation of the macaque monkey in vision experiments was described. Using a Maxwellian view, the procedure permits the placement of discrete test-light stimuli in a specific area of the retina as the monkey fixates a primary target. This procedure holds foveal fixation as other beh...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Crawford ML

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laboratory research has shown that when subjects are given a choice between fixed-ratio and bi-valued mixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement, preference typically emerges for the mixed-ratio schedule even with a larger ratio requirement. The current study sought to replicate and extend these findings to children's mat...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mullane MP,Martens BK,Baxter EL,Steeg DV

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Choice between a signalled shock schedule and an unsignalled one was examined at various shock intensities. Three rats were given the opportunity to change from the unsignalled schedule to the signalled one at intensity values between 0.15 mA and 1.0 mA. Steps were usually 0.15 mA and both ascending and descending ser...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Harsh J,Badia P

更新日期：1975-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We identify naming as the basic unit of verbal behavior, describe the conditions under which it is learned, and outline its crucial role in the development of stimulus classes and, hence, of symbolic behavior. Drawing upon B. F. Skinner's functional analysis and the theoretical work of G. H. Mead and L. S. Vygotsky, w...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Horne PJ,Lowe CF

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats obtained food pellets on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement by nose poking a lighted key. After training to establish baseline performance (with the mean variable interval set at either 60, 120, or 240 s), the rats were given free access to food during the hour just before their daily session. This sat...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shull RL

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small deviations from bilateral symmetry (fluctuating asymmetries) are cues to fitness differences in some animals. Therefore, researchers have considered whether animals use these small asymmetries as visual cues to determine appropriate behavioral responses (e.g., mate preferences). However, there have been few syst...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Swaddle JP,Johnson CW

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Yoked pairs of experimentally naive pigeons were exposed to a modified autoshaping procedure in which key pecking by the leader birds postponed both keylight termination and access to grain for the leader and the follower bird. Key pecking developed and was maintained in all birds and continued through two reversals o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Myerson J,Myerson WA,Parker BK

更新日期：1979-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human-observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of points via critical-signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WEINER H

更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Responding under fixed-interval schedules usually generates either scalloped or break-and-run cumulative records. Earlier, it was generally accepted that the characteristic pattern was the scallop, but in recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on the break-and-run pattern. The break-and-run pattern has bee...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dews PB

更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lever pressing by squirrel monkeys was examined under second-order schedules of electric shock presentation in which different discriminative stimuli were associated with consecutive components (sequence schedules). Components were always two-minute fixed-interval schedules, and three different overall schedules were ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Gardner ML,Malagodi EF

更新日期：1981-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Herrnstein and Heyman (1979) showed that when pigeons' pecking is reinforced on concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules, (1) their behavior ratios match the ratio of the schedules' reinforcer frequencies, and (2) there is more responding on the variable interval. Since maximizing the reinforcement rate w...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ziriax JM,Silberberg A

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00