Abstract：
:Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-shock interval was split so that only responses occurring in one half of the interval were effective in postponing shock, then learning was impaired. It made little difference which half of the interval was used. The third study demonstrated that Ss learn Sidman avoidance more quickly with a variable shock-shock interval than with the usual fixed-interval procedure. The results of the second and third experiments argue against the view that avoidance is reinforced by the decrease in conditioned aversiveness that occurs at long post-shock times. The final experiment indicated that Ss do not learn Sidman avoidance if the response-produced delay of shock is preceded by a shock, hence it seems unlikely that the crucial source of reinforcement is merely an overall reduction in shock density. All of the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the avoidance response is reinforced by the decrease in conditioned aversiveness of stimuli at short post-response times. This seems to be the case even at the beginning of acquisition.
journal_name
J Exp Anal Behavjournal_title
Journal of the experimental analysis of behaviorauthors
BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jrdoi
10.1901/jeab.1964.7-315subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1964-07-01 00:00:00pages
315-21eissn
0022-5002issn
1938-3711journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Three experiments were conducted to examine pigeons' postponement of signaled extinction periods (timeouts) from a schedule of food reinforcement when such responding neither decreased overall timeout frequency nor increased the overall frequency of food reinforcement. A discrete-trial procedure was used in which a re...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2000.74-147
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of patch encounter rate on patch choice and meal patterns were studied in rats foraging in a laboratory environment offering two patch types that were encountered sequentially and randomly. The cost of procuring access to one patch was greater than the other. Patches were either encountered equally often o...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1998.69-5
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cooperative responses of pairs of human subjects were reinforced under several stimulus conditions in two settings designed to require a "social" response, i.e., where at least one of the two persons is responding to the behavior of the other. The first task, designed by Lindsley and Cohen, required individual res...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1968.11-571
更新日期：1968-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:White rats were scheduled to be shocked every 15 sec; but they were given a limited time interval between shocks when they could prevent the next scheduled shock from occurring if they pressed a lever. The duration of this limited avoidance period was varied, as was its location within the interval between scheduled s...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1962.5-97
更新日期：1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A value-like parameter is introduced into a rate equation for describing variable-interval performance. The equation, derived solely from formal considerations, expresses rate of responding as a joint function of rate of reinforcement and "reinforcer power." Preliminary tests of the rate equation show that it handles ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1979.31-267
更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:If a response key is regularly illuminated for several seconds before food is presented, pigeons will peck it after a moderate number of pairings; this "auto-shaping" procedure of Brown and Jenkins (1968) was explored further in the present series of four experiments. The first showed that pecking was maintained even ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1969.12-511
更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained on a Wyckoff observing response procedure in which key responses were reinforced on a mixed schedule consisting of fixed-interval and extinction components. In Experiment 1, stepping on a pedal (a) converted the mixed schedule to a multiple schedule, (b) replaced the mixed-schedule stimulus with a...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1972.18-263
更新日期：1972-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Superstitions were demonstrated with human subjects when presses on one button were reinforced on a VI 30-sec schedule while presses on a second were never reinforced. Superstitious responding, on the second button, was often maintained because presses on that button were frequently followed by reinforcement for a sub...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1963.6-203
更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Six experiments were performed to explore the necessary and sufficient conditions for producing context specificity of discriminative operant performance in pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons learned a successive discrimination (red S+/blue S-) in two chambers that had a particular odor present and between which they w...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1993.60-313
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a residential research ward coffee drinking was studied in 9 volunteer human subjects with histories of heavy coffee drinking. A series of five experiments was undertaken to characterize adlibitum coffee consumption and to investigate the effects of manipulating coffee concentration, caffeine dose per cup, and caff...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1901/jeab.1986.45-133
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This experiment compared descriptions of concurrent choice by the stay/switch model, which says choice is a function of the reinforcers obtained for staying at and for switching from each alternative, and the generalized matching law, which says choice is a function of the total reinforcers obtained at each alternativ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2009.91-21
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hungry rats received food following lever-press durations exceeding a minimum value, which ranged from 0 to 6.4 sec. When no intertrial intervals separated successive presses, modal press durations remained at very short values as the minimum value required for food was increased. This was particularly true immediatel...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1973.19-239
更新日期：1973-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five groups of pigeons were food reinforced on various schedules. Half of each group were extinguished in the normal manner; the others were presented with a stimulus change, previously paired with reinforcement, each time they completed their respective fixed ratios. Response rate in training was an increasing negati...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1966.9-41
更新日期：1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a conjoint schedule, reinforcement is available simultaneously on two or more schedules for the same response. The present experiments provided food for key pecking on both a random-interval and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule. Experiment 1 involved ordinary DRL schedules; Experiment 2 added...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1983.39-275
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Observing behavior of two squirrel monkeys was examined under a multiple schedule of four components. Lever (observing) responses produced either a stimulus indicating the availability of food or another stimulus indicating food was not available. Key responses in the presence of the food-available stimulus produced f...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1971.16-167
更新日期：1971-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous research has shown that Lewis rats make more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats. Such strain-related differences in choice are important as they may provide an avenue for exploring genetic and neurochemical contributions to impulsive choice. The present systematic replication was designed to determine if...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2008.90-333
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Experiment 1, 3, adult females were taught with verbal instructions and contingencies to select, in sequence, three arbitrary visual stimuli from an array of five stimuli. After four different sequences were taught, match-to-sample tests assessed emergent conditional relations among all stimuli that had been select...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1990.53-47
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in assessment methodology have resulted in a highly efficient procedure for obtaining delay discounting rates for adults: a 5-trial adjusting delay task (ADT-5) examining intertemporal choice for hypothetical rewards. The low participant burden of this task makes it potentially useful for children, wit...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.493
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using a color-tracking procedure with responses reinforced under a second-order schedule, the discriminative-stimulus properties of phencyclidine were studied in pigeons maintained at 70%, 80%, or 90% of their free-feeding weights. The generalization curves for phencyclidine were similar at all three body weights. Gen...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1987.47-233
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied the choice behavior of 2 monkeys in a discrete-trial task with reinforcement contingencies similar to those Herrnstein (1961) used when he described the matching law. In each session, the monkeys experienced blocks of discrete trials at different relative-reinforcer frequencies or magnitudes with unsignalle...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2005.110-04
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained on a non-spatial delayed alternation task in which the color not pecked on the previous trial was correct. When varying delays were interposed between trials, alternation accuracy decreased as a function of delay, but remained greater than chance with a 45-sec delay. Successful alternation on the ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1971.16-15
更新日期：1971-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been hypothesized that the magnitude-of-reinforcement effect may differ in closed and open experimental economies. We determined the relationship between magnitude of reinforcement and response rate in three feeding conditions: a closed economy in which total intake was unrestricted, a closed economy in which t...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1992.57-81
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four male pigmented rats were exposed to a procedure designed to investigate the relation between several performance measures and a schedule continuum ranging from FR 36 to FI 2 through four intermediate interlocking schedules. On all schedules, each subject developed a stable performance that was generally break-and...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1962.5-213
更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a concurrent-chains procedure, pigeons chose between equivalent mixed and multiple fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement. In the first experiment, preference for the multiple schedule was higher when the probability of the shorter fixed interval was less than .50 than for complementary points, an outcome consis...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1980.33-3
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Murray Sidman's book, Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology, published in 1960, has been called the bible of the experimental analysis of behavior and has been a major influence on basic as well as applied research in behavior analysis. The contents of the early reviews of the book...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.645
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules in which responding on a center key produced matching-to-sample trials according to the same variable-interval 30-s schedules in both components. Matching trials consisted of a vertical or tilted line sample on the center key followed by vertical and tilted comparisons on the...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2003.79-307
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The occurrence of extinction bursts-transient increases in response rate in excess of those observed in baseline during the period immediately following discontinuation of reinforcement of a response-was examined. In Experiment 1, key pecking of pigeons was reinforced according to a multiple schedule in which a variab...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.616
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the first five or six sessions on a DRL 20-sec schedule of reinforcement there developed a stable performance characterized by a relatively constant conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op) of interresponse times (IRTs) of durations greater than 5 or 6 sec. Extinction and the level of deprivation changed bot...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1964.7-415
更新日期：1964-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to four cycles per session of a multiple schedule in which each cycle involved twelve 60-sec fixed intervals followed by four 180-sec intervals [(12 FI 60-sec)(4 FI 180-sec) schedule]. Post-reinforcement pauses were shorter during the first few short intervals of each cycle than during later short...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1969.12-583
更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We aimed to investigate whether novel stimulus relations would emerge from stimulus correlations when those relations explicitly conflicted with reinforced relations. In a symbolic matching-to-sample task using kanji characters as stimuli, we arranged class-specific incorrect comparison stimuli in each of three classe...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2011.95-327
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
