Abstract：
:The occurrence of extinction bursts-transient increases in response rate in excess of those observed in baseline during the period immediately following discontinuation of reinforcement of a response-was examined. In Experiment 1, key pecking of pigeons was reinforced according to a multiple schedule in which a variable-ratio schedule alternated with an interval schedule in which the reinforcers were yoked to the preceding variable-ratio component. In Experiments 2 and 3, rats were screened such that the lever-press response rates of different rats maintained by variable-interval schedules were either relatively high or relatively low. Following these baseline conditions, in Experiments 1 and 2 responding was extinguished by eliminating the food reinforcer and in Experiment 3 by removing the response-reinforcer dependency. Responses immediately following extinction implementation were examined. Response increases relative to baseline during the first 20 min of a 324.75-min extinction session (Experiment 1) or during the first 30-min extinction session (Experiments 2 and 3) were rare and unsystematic. The results (a) reinforce earlier meta-analyses concluding that extinction bursts may be a less ubiquitous early effect of extinction than has been suggested and (b) invite further experimentation to establish their generality as a function of preceding reinforcement conditions.
journal_name
J Exp Anal Behavjournal_title
Journal of the experimental analysis of behaviorauthors
Lattal KA,Kuroda T,Cook JEdoi
10.1002/jeab.616subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-07-01 00:00:00pages
47-59issue
1eissn
0022-5002issn
1938-3711journal_volume
114pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Three experiments investigated conditions affecting the choice to cooperate or compete. Experiment I compared the effects first of an individual activity, then of a competitive task as an alternative to cooperation. For both comparisons, subjects could earn more by cooperating. Choice of competition, but not individua...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1976.25-165
更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained under a discrete-trials detection procedure in which one of a set of color stimuli was presented on the center key and a single response turned off the stimulus and illuminated two side keys. Single responses to one or the other side key produced occasional reinforcers depending on the value of th...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1989.51-291
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Newly hatched ducklings were exposed to imprinting procedures and subsequently trained to peck a key by presenting the imprinting stimulus as the reinforcing (response-contingent) event. Individual ducklings then lived in the apparatus under an arrangement in which each peck produced a 15-sec stimulus presentation. Fo...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1967.10-495
更新日期：1967-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Empirical investigations of humans, pigeons, rats, and monkeys have indicated that these species will select free over forced choice, even when faced with identical outcomes. However, the same has yet to be quantitatively confirmed in nonhuman great apes. This experiment is the first systematic investigation of prefer...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.584
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Experiment 1, 2 monkeys earned their daily food ration by pressing a key that delivered food according to a variable-interval 3-min schedule. In Phases 1 and 4, sessions ended after 3 hr. In Phases 2 and 3, sessions ended after a fixed number of responses that reduced food intake and body weights from levels during...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1993.59-389
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons could produce food by pecking exactly four times on each of two keys, in any order. In the first experiment, these response sequences were reinforced on a series of multiple schedules of variable-interval reinforcement. In the second experiment, these response sequences were reinforced on a series of concurren...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1986.45-283
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experiments on single, multiple, and concurrent schedules of reinforcement find various correlations between the rate of responding and the rate or magnitude of reinforcement. For concurrent schedules (i.e., simultaneous choice procedures), there is matching between the relative frequencies of responding and reinforce...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243
更新日期：1970-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A multiple schedule having both an appetitive and an avoidance component was maintained in two dogs to create a complex behavioral base line for observing the effects of chlorpromazine. Both soluble and "Spansule" chlorpromazine generated similar functions relating drug dose to measures of behavioral output. Although ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1962.5-259
更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to two types of concurrent operant-reinforcement schedules in order to determine what choice rules determine behavior on these schedules. In the first set of experiments, concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules, key-peck responses to either of two alternative schedules produced f...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1983.39-25
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recurrence of negatively reinforced responding of humans was studied in three experiments. In each experiment during Baseline, key-pressing produced 3-s timeouts from a requirement to exert finger pressure on a force cell according to variable- or fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, resurgence...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.178
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons responded on multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedules of reinforcement in an open and a closed economy. Equal duration components were increased in duration while the component rates of reinforcement were held constant, the component schedules were reversed, and component duration was decreased. ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1988.50-457
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resurgence refers to the recurrence of an extinguished target behavior following subsequent suspension of alternative reinforcement. Delivery of reinforcers during extinction of alternative behavior has been shown to mitigate resurgence. The present experiment aimed to determine whether delivering stimuli associated w...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.278
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The key-pecking of a pigeon was reinforced with grain on an 18-min second-order schedule. During the 18 min, a key peck which completed a 3-min fixed interval produced a stimulus of 0.5-sec duration. The first 3-min fixed interval completed after 18 min resulted in primary reinforcement. Behavior characteristic of fix...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1967.10-271
更新日期：1967-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Models that generate event records have very general scope regarding the dimensions of the target behavior that we measure. From a set of predicted event records, we can generate predictions for any dependent variable that we could compute from the event records of our subjects. In this sense, models that generate eve...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.330
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained to peck keys on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules of food reinforcement. Both schedules produced a pattern of behavior characterized as pause and run, but the relation of pausing to time between reinforcers differed for the two schedules even when mean time between reinforcers was the same....
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1980.34-61
更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When the rate of reinforcement for pigeons' key pecking varied over time following a sine waveform, performances were more consistent and reliable if a constant-rate reinforcement schedule was concurrently available on a second key than if only the sinewave-varying reinforcement schedule was available. In the two-key ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1982.38-101
更新日期：1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When subjects learn to associate two sample durations with two comparison keys, do they learn to associate the keys with the short and long samples (relational hypothesis), or with the specific sample durations (absolute hypothesis)? We exposed 16 pigeons to an ABA design in which phases A and B corresponded to tasks ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2012.98-23
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Murray Sidman's book, Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology, published in 1960, has been called the bible of the experimental analysis of behavior and has been a major influence on basic as well as applied research in behavior analysis. The contents of the early reviews of the book...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.645
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Choice between a signalled shock schedule and an unsignalled one was examined at various shock intensities. Three rats were given the opportunity to change from the unsignalled schedule to the signalled one at intensity values between 0.15 mA and 1.0 mA. Steps were usually 0.15 mA and both ascending and descending ser...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1975.23-349
更新日期：1975-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Observing behavior of two squirrel monkeys was examined under a multiple schedule of four components. Lever (observing) responses produced either a stimulus indicating the availability of food or another stimulus indicating food was not available. Key responses in the presence of the food-available stimulus produced f...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1971.16-167
更新日期：1971-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four rats obtained food pellets by poking a key and 5-s presentations of the discriminative stimuli by pressing a lever. Every 1 or 2 min, the prevailing schedule of reinforcement for key poking alternated between rich (either variable-interval [VI] 30 s or VI 60 s) and lean (either VI 240 s, VI 480 s, or extinction) ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2002.77-171
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this three-experiment study was to evaluate whether performance consistent with the formation of equivalence classes could be established after training adults to tact and intraverbally relate the names of visual stimuli. Fourteen participants were exposed to tact training, listener testing, and intrave...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.203
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subjects lived in a laboratory apartment for up to 30 days, engaging in ordinary activities such as reading, sewing, and artwork. The amount of time devoted to each activity was recorded and compared with periodic verbal ratings of the amount of time devoted to the activities. The verbal and observational assessments ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1990.54-173
更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five groups of pigeons were food reinforced on various schedules. Half of each group were extinguished in the normal manner; the others were presented with a stimulus change, previously paired with reinforcement, each time they completed their respective fixed ratios. Response rate in training was an increasing negati...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1966.9-41
更新日期：1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The proportion of time allocated to one component of a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule was computed for groups of interchangeover times (aggregates) within several intact time series. Variability in obtained proportions decreased as the number of interchangeover times within each aggregate incr...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1985.43-97
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In two experiments, the performance of rats under constant-probability and arithmetic variable-interval schedules respectively was compared when the concentration of a liquid reinforcer was varied within sessions; in other sessions, half of the reinforcers were randomly omitted. When the discriminative function of the...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1978.30-1
更新日期：1978-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In three experiments, pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck at a red key led to a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. A peck at a green key led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1989.51-87
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of organisms to detect reinforcer-rate changes in choice preparations is positively related to two factors: the magnitude of the change in rate and the frequency with which rates change. Gallistel (2012) suggested similar rate-detection processes are responsible for decreases in responding during operant e...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.196
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons acquired discriminated key pecking between 528- and 540-nm stimuli by either a response-reinforcer (operant group) or a stimulus-reinforcer (autoshaped group) contingency, with other training-schedule parameters comparable over groups. For the birds in the operant group, key pecks intermittently produced grain...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1992.57-127
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Panel pressing was generated and maintained in 5 adult humans by schedules of points exchangeable for money. Following exposure to a variable-interval 30-s schedule and to a linear variable-interval 30-s schedule (which permitted points to accumulate in an unseen "store" in the absence of responding), subjects were ex...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2000.73-241
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
