Uncertainty reduction, conditioned reinforcement, and observing.

abstract：:This study examined the role of learning history on the acquisition of a matching-to-sample task. Twelve preschool children learned four stimulus classes through instructions, shaping, or imitation. After reaching criterion, the subjects were exposed to changed discrimination contingencies to determine how each learni...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Michael RL,Bernstein DJ

更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were used to test the hypothesis that the source of reinforcement for observing behavior is the information that it provides concerning the schedule of primary reinforcement. On a variable-interval schedule, pecking the left-hand key produced a 30-sec display of such information. During this 30-sec period...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dinsmoor JA,Browne MP,Lawrence CE

更新日期：1972-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four rats obtained food pellets by poking a key and 5-s presentations of the discriminative stimuli by pressing a lever. Every 1 or 2 min, the prevailing schedule of reinforcement for key poking alternated between rich (either variable-interval [VI] 30 s or VI 60 s) and lean (either VI 240 s, VI 480 s, or extinction) ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Gaynor ST,Shull RL

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Experiment 1, 2 monkeys earned their daily food ration by pressing a key that delivered food according to a variable-interval 3-min schedule. In Phases 1 and 4, sessions ended after 3 hr. In Phases 2 and 3, sessions ended after a fixed number of responses that reduced food intake and body weights from levels during...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Silberberg A,Bauman R,Hursh S

更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this study was to model hierarchical classification as contextually controlled, generalized relational responding or relational framing. In Experiment 1, a training procedure involving nonarbitrarily related multidimensional stimuli was used to establish two arbitrary shapes as contextual cues for 'memb...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Slattery B,Stewart I

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Applied to delay discounting data, Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) provides an atheoretical index of the rate of delay discounting. The conventional method of calculating AUC, by summing the areas of the trapezoids formed by successive delay-indifference point pairings, does not account for the fact that most delay discoun...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Borges AM,Kuang J,Milhorn H,Yi R

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steep delay discounting is characterized by a preference for small immediate outcomes relative to larger delayed outcomes and is predictive of drug abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and other maladaptive behaviors. Nancy M. Petry was a pioneer in delay discounting research who demonstrated that people discount delayed mo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Odum AL,Becker RJ,Haynes JM,Galizio A,Frye CCJ,Downey H,Friedel JE,Perez DM

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Six pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules in which two different travel times between alternatives, 4.5 and 0.5 s, were randomly arranged. In Part 1, the next travel time was signaled while the subjects were responding on each alternative. Generalized matching analyses of performance in the pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davison M,Elliffe D

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following pretraining with everyday objects, 1- to 4-year-old children received listener training with three pairs of arbitrary stimuli of differing shapes. For each pair, 9 children were trained to select one stimulus in response to the spoken word /zog/ and the other to the spoken word /vek/. Next, in the look-at-sa...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Horne PJ,Lowe CF,Randle VR

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Learning by "following", probably a common means by which behaviors are socially transmitted from adults to young in many species, was analyzed. Pigeons first learned to eat from a human hand. When the hand then approached an operant key and pecked it, the pigeons followed and quickly learned to do the same, thereby d...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bullock D,Neuringer A

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Observer monkeys were housed next to demonstrator monkeys that were conditioned to respond on a multiple reinforcement schedule whose components were fixed-ratio 32, variable-interval 3-min, and extinction 5-min followed by an additional 30 sec of extinction during which every response started a new 30-sec interval. A...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Myers WA

更新日期：1970-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Murray Sidman's book, Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology, published in 1960, has been called the bible of the experimental analysis of behavior and has been a major influence on basic as well as applied research in behavior analysis. The contents of the early reviews of the book...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Holth P

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats obtained food pellets on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement by nose poking a lighted key. After training to establish baseline performance (with the mean variable interval set at either 60, 120, or 240 s), the rats were given free access to food during the hour just before their daily session. This sat...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shull RL

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We aimed to investigate whether novel stimulus relations would emerge from stimulus correlations when those relations explicitly conflicted with reinforced relations. In a symbolic matching-to-sample task using kanji characters as stimuli, we arranged class-specific incorrect comparison stimuli in each of three classe...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Minster ST,Elliffe D,Muthukumaraswamy SD

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments evaluated whether rats' occupancy of a restraint tube is reinforcing. In Experiment 1, each rat in the 0-min group moved freely in a chamber where a wall blocked access to a restraint tube. After 10 min the wall was removed, permitting 15 min of chamber access and tube entry. The other 2 groups were lo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hachiga Y,Silberberg A,Slotnick B,Gomez M

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Groups of three rats were placed in a chamber containing one response lever and one water dispenser. A variety of schedule conditions were explored including fixed ratio, extinction, satiation, fixed interval, fixed time, differential reinforcement of low rates, and discrimination learning. Each group was treated as a...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Grott R,Neuringer A

更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Parallel experiments with rats and pigeons examined reasons for previous findings that in choices with probabilistic delayed reinforcers, rats' choices were affected by the time between trials whereas pigeons' choices were not. In both experiments, the animals chose between a standard alternative and an adjusting alte...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mazur JE,Biondi DR

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were provided with three keys. Pecking the center key produced grain on a schedule that alternated at unpredictable times between a variable-interval component and extinction. On concurrent variable-interval schedules, pecking either side key produced a stimulus associated with the variable-interval component ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dinsmoor JA,Mulvaney DE,Jwaideh AR

更新日期：1981-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Behavioral pharmacology has become increasingly independent of the experimental analysis of behavior. At its beginning, behavioral pharmacology was closely related to the experimental analysis of behavior, with developments in each field aiding the other. Early attempts to systematize data in behavioral pharmacology c...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Branch MN

更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies and distributions of interreinforcement intervals characteristic of certain variable-interval schedules were mimicked by reinforcing each key peck with a probability equal to the duration of the interresponse time it terminated, divided by the scheduled mean interrein...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Platt JR

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Impulsive choice can be defined as temporary preference for a smaller-sooner reward (SS) over a larger-later reward (LL). Hyperbolic discounting implies that impulsive choices will occur less when organisms choose between a series of SSs versus LLs all at once than when they choose between single SS versus LL pairs. E...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ainslie G,Monterosso JR

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The percentage of fixed intervals terminating with food presentation was varied parametrically. Intervals that did not end with food were terminated by a stimulus uncorrelated with food presentation (a timeout stimulus). In Experiment I, the pigeons' response rates were an inverted U-shaped function of the percentage ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD

更新日期：1972-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four male pigmented rats were exposed to a procedure designed to investigate the relation between several performance measures and a schedule continuum ranging from FR 36 to FI 2 through four intermediate interlocking schedules. On all schedules, each subject developed a stable performance that was generally break-and...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BERRYMAN R,NEVIN JA

更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated the effect of observing responses that enabled college students to emit more efficient distributions of reinforced responses. In Experiment 1, the gains of response efficiency enabled by observing were minimized through use of identical low-effort response requirements in two alternating v...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Case DA,Fantino E,Wixted J

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We studied the choice behavior of 2 monkeys in a discrete-trial task with reinforcement contingencies similar to those Herrnstein (1961) used when he described the matching law. In each session, the monkeys experienced blocks of discrete trials at different relative-reinforcer frequencies or magnitudes with unsignalle...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lau B,Glimcher PW

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Grace and McLean (2006) proposed a decision model for acquisition of choice in concurrent chains which assumes that after reinforcement in a terminal link, subjects make a discrimination whether the preceding reinforcer delay was short or long relative to a criterion. Their model was subsequently extended by Christens...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Christensen DR,Grace RC

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male Japanese quail were classically conditioned to display courting behavior at the sound of a buzzer, a previously neutral stimulus. The buzzer (conditioned stimulus) was paired with the presentation of a female quail (unconditioned stimulus) for a number of trials. The courting display, invariably elicited from the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Farris HE

更新日期：1967-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small deviations from bilateral symmetry (fluctuating asymmetries) are cues to fitness differences in some animals. Therefore, researchers have considered whether animals use these small asymmetries as visual cues to determine appropriate behavioral responses (e.g., mate preferences). However, there have been few syst...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Swaddle JP,Johnson CW

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to multiple and concurrent second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were produced and exchanged for food according to various fixed-ratio schedules, yielding equal and unequal unit prices (responses per unit food delivery). On one sch...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Foster TA,Hackenberg TD

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments using human participants varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers or point-loss punishers in two-alternative signal-detection procedures. Experiment 1 varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers for correct responses (Group A) and point-loss punishers for errors (Group B) across condit...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lie C,Alsop B

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00