Choice between response units: The rate constancy model.

abstract：:Three rats were exposed to a second-order schedule in which fixed-interval components ended either with food or with a brief stimulus that was never paired with food. Food and the brief stimulus occurred in a random sequence (variable-ratio 2 overall schedule). Another three rats were exposed to a similar second-order...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Corfield-Sumner PK,Blackman DE,Stainer G

更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitative analysis permits the isolation of invariant relations in the study of behavior. The parameters of these relations can serve as higher-order dependent variables in more extensive analyses. These points are illustrated by reference to quantitative descriptions of performance maintained by concurrent schedul...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Nevin JA

更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ecological approach to perception, as developed by James Gibson, is described and applied to how one knows, by means of the haptic perceptual system, various properties of hand-held objects. Four sets of experiments are reviewed in which subjects reported on the extent, orientation, shape, and fractional component...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Turvey MT,Solomon HY,Burton G

更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The behavioral effects of various schedules of electric shock presentation were investigated during and after the imprinting of Peking ducklings to moving stimuli. The behavior of following a moving imprinted stimulus was differentially controlled by a multiple schedule of punishment and avoidance that respectively su...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Barrett JE

更新日期：1972-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The subjective value of rewards declines the longer rewards are delayed into the future ("delay discounting"). Discounting behavior varies both as a function of an individual's trait and current state. The degree of discounting has repeatedly been associated with relapse following treatment of addiction. Therefore, th...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Roewer I,Wiehler A,Peters J

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In studies of operant choice, when one schedule of a concurrent pair is varied while the other is held constant, the constancy of the constant schedule may exert discriminative control over performance. In our earlier experiments, schedules varied reciprocally across components within sessions, so that while food rati...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Baum WM,Davison M

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Applied to delay discounting data, Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) provides an atheoretical index of the rate of delay discounting. The conventional method of calculating AUC, by summing the areas of the trapezoids formed by successive delay-indifference point pairings, does not account for the fact that most delay discoun...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Borges AM,Kuang J,Milhorn H,Yi R

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We aimed to investigate whether novel stimulus relations would emerge from stimulus correlations when those relations explicitly conflicted with reinforced relations. In a symbolic matching-to-sample task using kanji characters as stimuli, we arranged class-specific incorrect comparison stimuli in each of three classe...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Minster ST,Elliffe D,Muthukumaraswamy SD

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Implicit learning involves picking up information from the environment without explicit instruction or conscious awareness of the learning process. In nonhuman animals, conscious awareness is impossible to assess, so we define implicit learning as occurring when animals acquire information beyond what is required for ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Drucker CB,Baghdoyan T,Brannon EM

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Six experiments were performed to explore the necessary and sufficient conditions for producing context specificity of discriminative operant performance in pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons learned a successive discrimination (red S+/blue S-) in two chambers that had a particular odor present and between which they w...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Thomas DR,Empedocles S,Morrison SK,Bing MN

更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Data were obtained with rats on the effects of interresponse time contingent reinforcement of the lever press response using schedules in which interresponse times falling within either of two temporal intervals could be reinforced. Some of the findings were (a) the mode of the interresponse time distribution generall...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Malott RW,Cumming WW

更新日期：1966-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bower's (1961) all-or-none model of human paired-associate learning was applied to individual data supplied by three pigeons. When the center one of three keys was illuminated with red light or with three white dots in a vertical array on a black ground, pecking on the left key was reinforced. When the center key was ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rodewald HK

更新日期：1973-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments assessed the impact of sample duration on pigeons' delayed matching as a function of whether or not the samples themselves signaled how long they would remain on. When duration was uncorrelated with the sample appearing on each matching trial, the typical effect of duration was observed: Choice accur...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Urcuioli PJ,DeMarse TB,Lionello KM

更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three pigeons pecked at letters of the alphabet and at the symbol "?" displayed on a computer-driven cathode ray screen. A 4 by 4 matrix of infrared emitting and detecting diodes and associated circuitry identified the location of a pigeon's responses to the screen. Responses at the target letter T were probabilistica...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Clauson HD,Izatt EJ,Shimp CP

更新日期：1985-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male Japanese quail were classically conditioned to display courting behavior at the sound of a buzzer, a previously neutral stimulus. The buzzer (conditioned stimulus) was paired with the presentation of a female quail (unconditioned stimulus) for a number of trials. The courting display, invariably elicited from the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Farris HE

更新日期：1967-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effect of food reinforcement schedules on the reinforcement value of drinking water was evaluated. Food-deprived rats were exposed to concurrent, identical variable-time schedules of food presentation, the food thus being delivered independently of the rats' behavior. When the relative amount of time spent in a sc...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Cohen IL

更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When a number of two-stimulus relations are established through training within a set of stimuli, other two-stimulus relations often emerge in the same set without direct training. These, termed "transitive stimulus relations," have been demonstrated with a variety of visual and auditory stimuli. The phenomenon has se...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fields L,Verhave T,Fath S

更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Responding by exclusion, one of the most robust phenomena in Experimental Psychology, describes a particular form of responding observed in symbolic, matching-to-sample tasks. Given two comparison stimuli, one experimentally defined and one experimentally undefined, the participant prefers the undefined comparison fol...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Cippola NS,Domeniconi C,Machado A

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The performance of a rat provided with continuous opportunity to obtain reinforcing brain stimulation over a 20-day period is described in detail. The animal averaged 29.2 responses per min during the entire time. Testing session was terminated by experimenters, but a day-by-day analysis of behavior provided no eviden...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： VALENSTEIN ES,BEER B

更新日期：1964-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the first five or six sessions on a DRL 20-sec schedule of reinforcement there developed a stable performance characterized by a relatively constant conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op) of interresponse times (IRTs) of durations greater than 5 or 6 sec. Extinction and the level of deprivation changed bot...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： REYNOLDS GS

更新日期：1964-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons responded on multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedules of reinforcement in an open and a closed economy. Equal duration components were increased in duration while the component rates of reinforcement were held constant, the component schedules were reversed, and component duration was decreased. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： La Fiette MH,Fantino E

更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Each of 2 monkeys typically earned their daily food ration by depositing tokens in one of two slots. Tokens deposited in one slot dropped into a bin where they were kept (token kept). Deposits to a second slot dropped into a bin where they could be obtained again (token returned). In Experiment 1, a fixed-ratio (FR) 5...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Widholm JJ,Silberberg A,Hursh SR,Imam AA,Warren-Boulton FR

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Children who have status epilepticus have continuous or rapidly repeating seizures that may be life-threatening and may cause life-long changes in brain and behavior. The extent to which status epilepticus causes deficits in auditory discrimination is unknown. A naturalistic auditory location discrimination method was...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Neill JC,Liu Z,Mikati M,Holmes GL

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules in which responding on a center key produced matching-to-sample trials according to the same variable-interval 30-s schedules in both components. Matching trials consisted of a vertical or tilted line sample on the center key followed by vertical and tilted comparisons on the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Nevin JA,Milo J,Odum AL,Shahan TA

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments were conducted to examine pigeons' postponement of signaled extinction periods (timeouts) from a schedule of food reinforcement when such responding neither decreased overall timeout frequency nor increased the overall frequency of food reinforcement. A discrete-trial procedure was used in which a re...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Pietras CJ,Hackenberg TD

更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to multiple variable-interval 2-min variable-interval 2-min schedules of food presentation in which relative duration of food presentation was manipulated. When components alternated every 5 sec and were scheduled on separate response keys, relative response rates closely matched relative reinforc...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Merigan WH,Miller JS,Gollub LR

更新日期：1975-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Impulsive choice describes preference for smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later rewards. Excessive delay discounting (i.e., rapid devaluation of delayed rewards) underlies some impulsive choices, and is observed in many maladaptive behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, gambling). Interventions designed to reduce dela...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Renee Renda C,Rung JM,Hinnenkamp JE,Lenzini SN,Madden GJ

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Experiment 1, 3, adult females were taught with verbal instructions and contingencies to select, in sequence, three arbitrary visual stimuli from an array of five stimuli. After four different sequences were taught, match-to-sample tests assessed emergent conditional relations among all stimuli that had been select...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sigurdardottir ZG,Green G,Saunders RR

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of discrimination and avoidance training on the skin resistance response were studied in eight humans. Responses occurring during one stimulus delayed the interruption of music for 30 sec; responses during a second stimulus either had no effect or interrupted the music for 15 sec. The results showed stimul...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Greene WA,Sutor LT

更新日期：1971-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Key pecking of pigeons under a fixed-ratio 100, grain reinforcer schedule was followed by electric shock occurring once in each sequence of 100 responses with the shocked response varying irregularly in successive sequences. Under this shock schedule, a localized suppression of responding in a response sequence was no...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dardano JF

更新日期：1972-05-01 00:00:00