Abstract：
:Six experiments were performed to explore the necessary and sufficient conditions for producing context specificity of discriminative operant performance in pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons learned a successive discrimination (red S+/blue S-) in two chambers that had a particular odor present and between which they were frequently switched. The birds subsequently learned the reversal (blue S+/ red S-) in one of these chambers with a different odor present. When switched to the alternative chamber, although the odor and the reinforcement contingency were still appropriate to the reversal, performance appropriate to the original discrimination recurred in subjects for which the houselights were on during training and testing but not for those for which the houselights were off. This indicated the importance of visual contextual cues in producing context specificity. Experiment 2 showed that the frequent switching between boxes in initial training was of no consequence, presumably because the apparatus cues were highly salient to the subjects. Experiment 3 showed significantly less context specificity when odor cues were omitted. Experiment 4 showed that simply using a different reinforced stimulus in each phase of training was ineffective in producing context specificity. Experiment 5 showed that the generalization test procedure used in Experiment 4 was sensitive to context specificity when discrimination-reversal training was used with different odors in the two training phases. Experiment 6 replicated the results of Experiment 4, but then showed that when different odors accompanied the two training phases, context specificity was obtained with the single-stimulus paradigm. Thus in both single-stimulus and discrimination-reversal paradigms, redundant odor cues potentiated learning about apparatus cues.
journal_name
J Exp Anal Behavjournal_title
Journal of the experimental analysis of behaviorauthors
Thomas DR,Empedocles S,Morrison SK,Bing MNdoi
10.1901/jeab.1993.60-313subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-09-01 00:00:00pages
313-29issue
2eissn
0022-5002issn
1938-3711journal_volume
60pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Two experiments were designed to assess whether depriving rats of food would increase the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running (Experiment 1) and whether satiation for wheel running would decrease the reinforcement effectiveness of food (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, a progressive-ratio schedule was used to ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1986.46-199
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This experiment compared descriptions of concurrent choice by the stay/switch model, which says choice is a function of the reinforcers obtained for staying at and for switching from each alternative, and the generalized matching law, which says choice is a function of the total reinforcers obtained at each alternativ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2009.91-21
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Task contingencies were modeled from bureaucratic organizations in which vague job descriptions provide incomplete contingency specifications. Response rates within dyads were examined using two nonsocial, two social, and two control contingencies. In the first social contingency, responses by the superior produced mo...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1991.56-105
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five rats responded under concurrent fixed-interval variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement. Fixed-interval values ranged from 50-seconds to 300-seconds and variable-ratio values ranged from 30 to 360; a five-second changeover delay was in effect throughout the experiment. The relations between reinforcement ra...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1981.36-317
更新日期：1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a residential research ward coffee drinking was studied in 9 volunteer human subjects with histories of heavy coffee drinking. A series of five experiments was undertaken to characterize adlibitum coffee consumption and to investigate the effects of manipulating coffee concentration, caffeine dose per cup, and caff...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1901/jeab.1986.45-133
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a conjoint schedule, reinforcement is available simultaneously on two or more schedules for the same response. The present experiments provided food for key pecking on both a random-interval and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule. Experiment 1 involved ordinary DRL schedules; Experiment 2 added...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1983.39-275
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed with...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1979.32-167
更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons acquired discriminated key pecking between 528- and 540-nm stimuli by either a response-reinforcer (operant group) or a stimulus-reinforcer (autoshaped group) contingency, with other training-schedule parameters comparable over groups. For the birds in the operant group, key pecks intermittently produced grain...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1992.57-127
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Basic research with pigeons on behavioral momentum suggests that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) can increase the resistance of target behavior to change. This finding suggests that clinical applications of DRA may inadvertently increase the persistence of target behavior even as it decreases ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2010.93-349
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three rats were exposed to a multiple schedule in which separate presentations of light and tone alternated with periods during which light and tone were absent. In Phase 1, light and tone each signalled identical variable-interval schedules of food delivery. In Phase 2, light and tone signalled separate but concurren...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1974.22-363
更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Impulsive choice can be defined as temporary preference for a smaller-sooner reward (SS) over a larger-later reward (LL). Hyperbolic discounting implies that impulsive choices will occur less when organisms choose between a series of SSs versus LLs all at once than when they choose between single SS versus LL pairs. E...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2003.79-37
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two multiple-schedule experiments with pigeons examined the effect of adding food reinforcement from an alternative source on the resistance of the reinforced response (target response) to the decremental effects of satiation and extinction. In Experiment 1, key pecks were reinforced by food in two components accordin...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1990.53-359
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules in which responding on a center key produced matching-to-sample trials according to the same variable-interval 30-s schedules in both components. Matching trials consisted of a vertical or tilted line sample on the center key followed by vertical and tilted comparisons on the...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2003.79-307
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Behavior is a property of living organisms, not of inanimate matter. The problems of physical science are to understand how a phenomenon works; biological science adds the questions of what a phenomenon does and how something that does such things came to be. Exclusive dedication to cause-effect explanations ignores h...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1992.57-417
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To study how effort affects reward value, we replicated Fortes, Vasconcelos and Machado's (2015) study using an adjusting-delay task. Nine pigeons chose between a standard alternative that gave access to 4 s of food, after a 10 s delay, and an adjusting-delay alternative that gave access to 12 s of food after a delay ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.548
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were trained to respond in a two-link, concurrent-chain schedule. Pecks on each key during the concurrent initial links occasionally produced a 5-min terminal link, during which only that key was operative. Food reinforcement and various intensities of shock were scheduled during the terminal links. When shock...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1967.10-87
更新日期：1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parallel and serial timing processes are analyzed for their account of the dynamics of intertrial responding in the peak procedure. A strictly serial model, such as the behavioral theory of timing (Killeen & Fetterman, 1988), does not fit the dynamic correlation pattern in the location and duration of the middle high-...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1992.57-393
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Experiment 1, 3, adult females were taught with verbal instructions and contingencies to select, in sequence, three arbitrary visual stimuli from an array of five stimuli. After four different sequences were taught, match-to-sample tests assessed emergent conditional relations among all stimuli that had been select...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1990.53-47
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of patch encounter rate on patch choice and meal patterns were studied in rats foraging in a laboratory environment offering two patch types that were encountered sequentially and randomly. The cost of procuring access to one patch was greater than the other. Patches were either encountered equally often o...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1998.69-5
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats obtained food pellets on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement by nose poking a lighted key. After training to establish baseline performance (with the mean variable interval set at either 60, 120, or 240 s), the rats were given free access to food during the hour just before their daily session. This sat...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2004.81-155
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three experiments were conducted to examine pigeons' postponement of signaled extinction periods (timeouts) from a schedule of food reinforcement when such responding neither decreased overall timeout frequency nor increased the overall frequency of food reinforcement. A discrete-trial procedure was used in which a re...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2000.74-147
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Grain was briefly presented to food-deprived pigeons intermittently and response-independently except during signaled timeouts. During Experiment 1, key pecks postponed the next timeout for a specified interval. Rates of pecking during time in were inversely related to the length of time pecking postponed the next tim...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1983.40-153
更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons' key pecks were reinforced with food on a fixed-interval schedule. Food also was available at variable time periods either independently of responding or for not key pecking (a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule). The latter condition arranged reinforcement following the first pause of t sec...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1980.34-285
更新日期：1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three pigeons pecked keys and 5 rats pressed levers for food delivered on variable-interval schedules. During baseline conditions, subjects responded on a variable-interval 40-s schedule throughout the session. During experimental conditions, the programmed rate of reinforcement changed every 10 min in the 50-min sess...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1995.64-237
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Escape responses of squirrel monkeys were reinforced according to a fixed-ratio schedule. The reinforcement was a period of safety from a stimulus that signalled the delivery of intermittent pain-shocks. When the frequency of shock was gradually reduced, the performance remained at a high level until the shocks were q...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1963.6-449
更新日期：1963-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:According to behavioral momentum theory (Nevin & Grace, 2000a), preference in concurrent chains and resistance to change in multiple schedules are independent measures of a common construct representing reinforcement history. Here I review the original studies on preference and resistance to change in which reinforcem...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/jeab.305
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experiments on single, multiple, and concurrent schedules of reinforcement find various correlations between the rate of responding and the rate or magnitude of reinforcement. For concurrent schedules (i.e., simultaneous choice procedures), there is matching between the relative frequencies of responding and reinforce...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243
更新日期：1970-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study tested the notion that an equivalence relation may include a response when differential responses are paired with stimuli presented during training. Eight normal adults learned three kinds of computer mouse movements as differential response topographies (R1, R2, and R3). Next, in matching-to-sample trainin...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2006.04-03
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Experiment I, a group of eight pigeons performed on concurrent random-interval schedules constructed by holding probability equal and varying cycle time to produce ratios of reinforcer densities of 1:1, 3:1, and 5:1 for key pecking. Schedules for a second group of seven were constructed with equal cycle times and u...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1978.30-301
更新日期：1978-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Following up on articles recently published in this journal, the present contribution tells (some of) "the rest of the story" about the value of randomization in single-case intervention research investigations. Invoking principles of internal, statistical-conclusion, and external validity, we begin by emphasizing the...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.558
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
