Concurrent random-interval schedules and the matching law.

abstract：:Learning by "following", probably a common means by which behaviors are socially transmitted from adults to young in many species, was analyzed. Pigeons first learned to eat from a human hand. When the hand then approached an operant key and pecked it, the pigeons followed and quickly learned to do the same, thereby d...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bullock D,Neuringer A

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Seven rats responding under fixed-ratio or variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement had continuous access to a drinking tube inserted into the operant chamber. Under different conditions they could drink either tap water or one of two saccharin solutions. In a baseline condition, the drinking bottle was empty. P...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Derenne A,Baron A

更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons received pre-training that included presentation of the reinforcer independently of behavior and then baseline training on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. With the introduction of a multiple schedule, in which the first stimulus was associated with a response contingent and a second stimulu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Halliday MS,Boakes RA

更新日期：1971-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following pretraining with everyday objects, 10 children aged from 1 to 4 years were given common vocal tact training with a set of three pairs of arbitrary stimuli of differing shapes; Set 1. Nine children learned to tact one stimulus as "zog" and the other as "vek" in each pair, and all passed subsequent pairwise te...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lowe CF,Horne PJ,Hughes JC

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The authors of four papers recently reported that satiation provides a better explanation than habituation for within-session decreases in conditioned responding. Several arguments question this conclusion. First, the contribution of habituation to within-session changes in responding seems clearly established. Inform...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McSweeney FK,Murphy ES

更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Six experiments were performed to explore the necessary and sufficient conditions for producing context specificity of discriminative operant performance in pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons learned a successive discrimination (red S+/blue S-) in two chambers that had a particular odor present and between which they w...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Thomas DR,Empedocles S,Morrison SK,Bing MN

更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Newly hatched ducklings were exposed to imprinting procedures and subsequently trained to peck a key by presenting the imprinting stimulus as the reinforcing (response-contingent) event. Individual ducklings then lived in the apparatus under an arrangement in which each peck produced a 15-sec stimulus presentation. Fo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hoffman HS,Kozma F Jr

更新日期：1967-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study examined the role of learning history on the acquisition of a matching-to-sample task. Twelve preschool children learned four stimulus classes through instructions, shaping, or imitation. After reaching criterion, the subjects were exposed to changed discrimination contingencies to determine how each learni...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Michael RL,Bernstein DJ

更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated the effect of observing responses that enabled college students to emit more efficient distributions of reinforced responses. In Experiment 1, the gains of response efficiency enabled by observing were minimized through use of identical low-effort response requirements in two alternating v...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Case DA,Fantino E,Wixted J

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to a foraging schedule characterized by three different states, beginning with a search state in which completion of a variable interval on a white key led to a choice state. In the choice state the subject could, by appropriate responding on a fixed ratio of three, either accept or reject the sch...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ito M,Fantino E

更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many adults engage in ultraviolet indoor tanning despite evidence of its association with skin cancer. The constellation of behaviors associated with ultraviolet indoor tanning is analogous to that in other behavioral addictions. Despite a growing literature on ultraviolet indoor tanning as an addiction, there remains...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Reed DD,Kaplan BA,Becirevic A,Roma PG,Hursh SR

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The performance of a rat provided with continuous opportunity to obtain reinforcing brain stimulation over a 20-day period is described in detail. The animal averaged 29.2 responses per min during the entire time. Testing session was terminated by experimenters, but a day-by-day analysis of behavior provided no eviden...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： VALENSTEIN ES,BEER B

更新日期：1964-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons, trained to discriminate phencyclidine from saline under a procedure requiring the bird to track the location of a color, received cumulative doses of phencyclidine, pentobarbital, or d-amphetamine with a variety of schedules of reinforcement in effect (across phases). When the same second-order schedules were...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McMillan DE,Wenger GR

更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the first five or six sessions on a DRL 20-sec schedule of reinforcement there developed a stable performance characterized by a relatively constant conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op) of interresponse times (IRTs) of durations greater than 5 or 6 sec. Extinction and the level of deprivation changed bot...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： REYNOLDS GS

更新日期：1964-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The peak procedure was used to study temporal control in pigeons exposed to seven fixed-interval schedules ranging from 7.5 to 480 s. The focus was on behavior in individual intervals. Quantitative properties of temporal control depended on whether the aspect of behavior considered was initial pause duration, the poin...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD,Powell DG

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a concurrent-chains procedure, pigeons chose between equivalent mixed and multiple fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement. In the first experiment, preference for the multiple schedule was higher when the probability of the shorter fixed interval was less than .50 than for complementary points, an outcome consis...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fantino E,Moore J

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to respond on a multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 1-min schedule, then switched to a multiple variable-interval 1-min differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior discrimination training. The rate of reinforcement was held constant during the shift from non-differential reinforcem...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Weisman RG

更新日期：1970-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been hypothesized that the magnitude-of-reinforcement effect may differ in closed and open experimental economies. We determined the relationship between magnitude of reinforcement and response rate in three feeding conditions: a closed economy in which total intake was unrestricted, a closed economy in which t...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Collier G,Johnson DF,Morgan C

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In pigeons performing under a multiple schedule of food presentation, low key-pecking rates (0.18 to 0.29 responses per second) were maintained during 3-min fixed-interval components by requiring a 4-, 5-, or 6-sec pause preceding the food-delivery response (tandem DRL), while higher rates (0.70 to 1.37 responses per ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Stitzer M,McKearney JW

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An omission procedure was employed to study elicited pecking in the first component of a two-component chain schedule. Both components were fixed-interval schedules correlated with colored keylights. The first response following the initial-link schedule produced a second fixed-interval schedule. We studied several fi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dougherty DM,Lewis P

更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five children, ranging in age from 3(1/2) years to 5(1/2) years, were taught various four-response chains using conditioned reinforcement. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of presenting "instruction" stimuli-a sequence of lights over the correct response buttons-to assess their role in facilitating the acquisitio...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Vaughan ME

更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments explored whether access to wheel running is sufficient as reinforcement to establish and maintain simple and conditional visual discriminations in nondeprived rats. In Experiment 1, 2 rats learned to press a lit key to produce access to running; responding was virtually absent when the key was dark, ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Iversen IH

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basic research with pigeons on behavioral momentum suggests that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) can increase the resistance of target behavior to change. This finding suggests that clinical applications of DRA may inadvertently increase the persistence of target behavior even as it decreases ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mace FC,McComas JJ,Mauro BC,Progar PR,Taylor B,Ervin R,Zangrillo AN

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The article discusses two important influences of B. F. Skinner, and later workers in the behavior-analytic tradition, on the study of animal timing. The first influence is methodological, and is traced from the invention of schedules imposing temporal constraints or periodicities on animals in The Behavior of Organis...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lejeune H,Richelle M,Wearden JH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments examined the influence of a brief stimulus (a light) on the behavior of food-deprived rats whose lever pressing on tandem schedules comprising components of different schedule types resulted in food presentation. In Experiment 1, either a tandem variable-ratio variable-interval or a tandem variable-i...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Reed P

更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonhuman animals show evidence for three types of concept learning: perceptual or similarity-based in which objects/stimuli are categorized based on physical similarity; relational in which one object/stimulus is categorized relative to another (e.g., same/different); and associative in which arbitrary stimuli become ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zentall TR,Wasserman EA,Urcuioli PJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male Japanese quail were classically conditioned to display courting behavior at the sound of a buzzer, a previously neutral stimulus. The buzzer (conditioned stimulus) was paired with the presentation of a female quail (unconditioned stimulus) for a number of trials. The courting display, invariably elicited from the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Farris HE

更新日期：1967-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The learning efficiency of an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin was evaluated using auditory discrimination learning-set tasks. Efficiency, as measured by the probability of a correct response on Trial 2 of a new discrete-trial, two-choice auditory discrimination problem, reached levels comparable to those attained by advan...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Herman LM,Arbeit WR

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sidman et al.'s (1982) failure to find evidence for symmetry (bidirectional associations between stimuli) in monkeys and baboons set the stage for decades of work on emergent relations in nonhumans. They attributed the failure to the use of procedures that did not (1) promote stimulus control based on the relation bet...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lionello-DeNolf KM

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The information hypothesis of conditioned reinforcement predicts that a stimulus that "reduces uncertainty" about the outcome of a trial will acquire reinforcing properties, even when the stimulus reliably predicts nonreinforcement. Four pigeons' key pecks produced one of two 5-sec stimuli with 0.50 probability accord...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Katz HN

更新日期：1976-07-01 00:00:00