Associative concept learning in animals.

Abstract:

:Nonhuman animals show evidence for three types of concept learning: perceptual or similarity-based in which objects/stimuli are categorized based on physical similarity; relational in which one object/stimulus is categorized relative to another (e.g., same/different); and associative in which arbitrary stimuli become interchangeable with one another by virtue of a common association with another stimulus, outcome, or response. In this article, we focus on various methods for establishing associative concepts in nonhuman animals and evaluate data documenting the development of associative classes of stimuli. We also examine the nature of the common within-class representation of samples that have been associated with the same reinforced comparison response (i.e., many-to-one matching) by describing manipulations for distinguishing possible representations. Associative concepts provide one foundation for human language such that spoken and written words and the objects they represent become members of a class of interchangeable stimuli. The mechanisms of associative concept learning and the behavioral flexibility it allows, however, are also evident in the adaptive behaviors of animals lacking language.

journal_name

J Exp Anal Behav

authors

Zentall TR,Wasserman EA,Urcuioli PJ

doi

10.1002/jeab.55

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2014-01-01 00:00:00

pages

130-51

issue

1

eissn

0022-5002

issn

1938-3711

journal_volume

101

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Nicotine deprivation, temporal discounting and choice consistency in heavy smokers.

    abstract::The subjective value of rewards declines the longer rewards are delayed into the future ("delay discounting"). Discounting behavior varies both as a function of an individual's trait and current state. The degree of discounting has repeatedly been associated with relapse following treatment of addiction. Therefore, th...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.134

    authors: Roewer I,Wiehler A,Peters J

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Human coffee drinking: manipulation of concentration and caffeine dose.

    abstract::In a residential research ward coffee drinking was studied in 9 volunteer human subjects with histories of heavy coffee drinking. A series of five experiments was undertaken to characterize adlibitum coffee consumption and to investigate the effects of manipulating coffee concentration, caffeine dose per cup, and caff...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1986.45-133

    authors: Griffiths RR,Bigelow GE,Liebson IA,O'Keeffe M,O'Leary D,Russ N

    更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00

  • Preratio pausing: effects of an alternative reinforcer on fixed- and variable-ratio responding.

    abstract::Seven rats responding under fixed-ratio or variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement had continuous access to a drinking tube inserted into the operant chamber. Under different conditions they could drink either tap water or one of two saccharin solutions. In a baseline condition, the drinking bottle was empty. P...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.2002.77-273

    authors: Derenne A,Baron A

    更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00

  • Choosing among natural stimuli.

    abstract::Pigeons worked on concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules with the alternatives signaled by slides either containing trees or not. The schedules were designed to hold both overall and relative rates of reinforcement within narrowly constrained limits, and slides were quasi-randomly ordered each day. ...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1987.47-5

    authors: Vaughan W,Herrnstein RJ

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Relations among acute and chronic nicotine administration, short-term memory, and tactics of data analysis.

    abstract::Emerging evidence suggests that nicotine may enhance short-term memory. Some of this evidence comes from nonhuman primate research using a procedure called delayed matching-to-sample, wherein the monkey is trained to select a comparison stimulus that matches some physical property of a previously presented sample stim...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.2012.98-155

    authors: Kangas BD,Branch MN

    更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00

  • Negative reinforcement as shock-frequency reduction.

    abstract::Is a conditioned aversive stimulus necessary in avoidance conditioning? Or is a reduction in the rate of aversive stimulation alone sufficient to generate and maintain an avoidance response? Rats were subjected to an avoidance procedure in which shocks occurred randomly in time, but a response could reduce the overall...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1966.9-421

    authors: Herrnstein RJ,Hineline PN

    更新日期:1966-07-01 00:00:00

  • Symmetry in the pigeon with sample and comparison stimuli in different locations.

    abstract::Pigeons typically do not show evidence for symmetry in two-alternative matching-to-sample but do demonstrate this emergent relation in successive (go/no-go) matching-to-sample. Because the sample and comparison stimuli are presented in the same spatial location (viz., on one key) during successive matching training an...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.31

    authors: Swisher M,Urcuioli PJ

    更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00

  • Comparing rapid assessments of delay discounting with real and hypothetical rewards in children.

    abstract::Recent advances in assessment methodology have resulted in a highly efficient procedure for obtaining delay discounting rates for adults: a 5-trial adjusting delay task (ADT-5) examining intertemporal choice for hypothetical rewards. The low participant burden of this task makes it potentially useful for children, wit...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.493

    authors: Miller JR

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Superior-subordinate dyads: Dependence of leader effectiveness on mutual reinforcement contingencies.

    abstract::Task contingencies were modeled from bureaucratic organizations in which vague job descriptions provide incomplete contingency specifications. Response rates within dyads were examined using two nonsocial, two social, and two control contingencies. In the first social contingency, responses by the superior produced mo...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1991.56-105

    authors: Rao RK,Mawhinney TC

    更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00

  • PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ACQUISITION OF SIDMAN AVOIDANCE.

    abstract::Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-sho...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-315

    authors: BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jr

    更新日期:1964-07-01 00:00:00

  • On the origins of naming and other symbolic behavior.

    abstract::We identify naming as the basic unit of verbal behavior, describe the conditions under which it is learned, and outline its crucial role in the development of stimulus classes and, hence, of symbolic behavior. Drawing upon B. F. Skinner's functional analysis and the theoretical work of G. H. Mead and L. S. Vygotsky, w...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1996.65-185

    authors: Horne PJ,Lowe CF

    更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00

  • Factors influencing inhibitory stimulus control: differential reinforcement of other behavior during discrimination training.

    abstract::Pigeons were trained to respond on a multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 1-min schedule, then switched to a multiple variable-interval 1-min differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior discrimination training. The rate of reinforcement was held constant during the shift from non-differential reinforcem...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1970.14-87

    authors: Weisman RG

    更新日期:1970-07-01 00:00:00

  • TEMPORALLY SPACED RESPONDING BY PIGEONS: DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF DEPRIVATION AND EXTINCTION.

    abstract::In the first five or six sessions on a DRL 20-sec schedule of reinforcement there developed a stable performance characterized by a relatively constant conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op) of interresponse times (IRTs) of durations greater than 5 or 6 sec. Extinction and the level of deprivation changed bot...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-415

    authors: REYNOLDS GS

    更新日期:1964-11-01 00:00:00

  • Recency, repeatability, and reinforcer retrenchment: an experimental analysis of resurgence.

    abstract::Four experiments were conducted with pigeons to assess the experimental conditions necessary for the occurrence of resurgence. The general procedure consisted of the following conditions: Condition 1--reinforcement of key pecking; Condition 2--reinforcement of treadle pressing and concurrent extinction of key pecking;...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.2003.80-217

    authors: Lieving GA,Lattal KA

    更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of relative reinforcer frequency on complex color detection.

    abstract::Pigeons were trained under a discrete-trials detection procedure in which one of a set of color stimuli was presented on the center key and a single response turned off the stimulus and illuminated two side keys. Single responses to one or the other side key produced occasional reinforcers depending on the value of th...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1989.51-291

    authors: Davison M,McCarthy D

    更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00

  • Impulse control in pigeons.

    abstract::Pigeons were given a small, immediate food reinforcement for pecking a key, and a larger, delayed reinforcement for not pecking this key. Most subjects pecked the key on more than 95% of trials. However, when pecking a differently colored key at an earlier time prevented this option from becoming available, three of 1...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-485

    authors: Ainslie GW

    更新日期:1974-05-01 00:00:00

  • A quantitative analysis of sensitivity to the conditioned reinforcing value of terminal-link stimuli in a concurrent-chains schedule.

    abstract::Pigeons were exposed to a concurrent-chains schedule in which a single variable-interval 30-s schedule was used in the initial links and fixed-time schedules were used in the terminal links. Three types of keylight conditions were used in the terminal links. In the first condition, different delays were associated wit...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1993.60-587

    authors: Omino T

    更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00

  • Discriminability of fixed-ratio schedules for pigeons: effects of payoff values.

    abstract::Three pigeons, previously trained to discriminate different numbers of responses (fixed ratios), were tested under different reinforcement contingencies (payoff matrices) at two levels of sensitivity. For one subject, relative reinforcement magnitude was varied-at first, across sessions and then, at midsession by reve...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-69

    authors: Hobson SL

    更新日期:1978-07-01 00:00:00

  • Choice with frequently changing food rates and food ratios.

    abstract::In studies of operant choice, when one schedule of a concurrent pair is varied while the other is held constant, the constancy of the constant schedule may exert discriminative control over performance. In our earlier experiments, schedules varied reciprocally across components within sessions, so that while food rati...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.70

    authors: Baum WM,Davison M

    更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00

  • Equivalence classes generated by sequence training.

    abstract::In Experiment 1, 3, adult females were taught with verbal instructions and contingencies to select, in sequence, three arbitrary visual stimuli from an array of five stimuli. After four different sequences were taught, match-to-sample tests assessed emergent conditional relations among all stimuli that had been select...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1990.53-47

    authors: Sigurdardottir ZG,Green G,Saunders RR

    更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00

  • Notes on discounting.

    abstract::In general, if a variable can be expressed as a function of its own maximum value, that function may be called a discount function. Delay discounting and probability discounting are commonly studied in psychology, but memory, matching, and economic utility also may be viewed as discounting processes. When they are so ...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.2006.85-05

    authors: Rachlin H

    更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of chlorpromazine on appetitive and aversive components of a multiple schedule.

    abstract::A multiple schedule having both an appetitive and an avoidance component was maintained in two dogs to create a complex behavioral base line for observing the effects of chlorpromazine. Both soluble and "Spansule" chlorpromazine generated similar functions relating drug dose to measures of behavioral output. Although ...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-259

    authors: WALLER MB,WALLER PF

    更新日期:1962-04-01 00:00:00

  • Temporal control in fixed-interval schedules.

    abstract::The peak procedure was used to study temporal control in pigeons exposed to seven fixed-interval schedules ranging from 7.5 to 480 s. The focus was on behavior in individual intervals. Quantitative properties of temporal control depended on whether the aspect of behavior considered was initial pause duration, the poin...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1994.61-1

    authors: Zeiler MD,Powell DG

    更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00

  • Elicitation and punishment of intraspecies aggression by the same stimulus.

    abstract::Fighting responses were elicited in pairs of rats by shocks over a period of 46 days. During certain blocks of these days, "punishing" shocks were made contingent on the shock-elicited fights. Fighting frequency was reduced as a direct function of the intensity of the contingent shocks. Fighting frequency recovered co...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1971.15-193

    authors: Roberts CL,Blase K

    更新日期:1971-03-01 00:00:00

  • Some effects of response cost upon human operant behavior.

    abstract::Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human-observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of points via critical-signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy o...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-201

    authors: WEINER H

    更新日期:1962-04-01 00:00:00

  • An implementation of punishment in the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics.

    abstract::An implementation of punishment in the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics is proposed, and is applied to responding on concurrent schedules of reinforcement with superimposed punishment. In this implementation, punishment causes behaviors to mutate, and to do so with a higher probability in a lean reinforcement ...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.543

    authors: McDowell JJ,Klapes B

    更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00

  • Combinations of response-reinforcer relations in periodic and aperiodic schedules.

    abstract::Key pecking of 4 pigeons was studied under a two-component multiple schedule in which food deliveries were arranged according to a fixed and a variable interfood interval. The percentage of response-dependent food in each component was varied, first in ascending (0, 10, 30, 70 and 100%) and then in descending orders, ...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.13

    authors: Kuroda T,Cançado CR,Lattal KA,Elcoro M,Dickson CA,Cook JE

    更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00

  • Punishment contras during free-operant avoidance.

    abstract::Punishment of bar-pressing responses of rhesus monkeys with electric shock in one component of a multiple free-operant avoidance schedule suppressed responding in that component. These decreases were concomitant with response rate increases in the unpunished component (punishment contrast). Response rates in both comp...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1972.18-509

    authors: Lattal KA,Griffin MA

    更新日期:1972-11-01 00:00:00

  • Implicit sequence learning in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).

    abstract::Implicit learning involves picking up information from the environment without explicit instruction or conscious awareness of the learning process. In nonhuman animals, conscious awareness is impossible to assess, so we define implicit learning as occurring when animals acquire information beyond what is required for ...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/jeab.180

    authors: Drucker CB,Baghdoyan T,Brannon EM

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • A re-examination of local contrast in multiple schedules.

    abstract::Pigeons were presented with multiple schedules of alternating 90-sec components. When components in which grain was never presented alternated with components in which grain was presented on a variable-interval schedule, the average rate of responding in the variable-interval components increased, showing overall posi...

    journal_title:Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1901/jeab.1975.24-291

    authors: Buck SL,Rothstein B,Williams BA

    更新日期:1975-11-01 00:00:00