Abstract:
:Optogenetic activation of axons is a powerful approach for determining the synaptic properties and impact of long-range projections both in vivo and in vitro. However, because of the difficulty of measuring activity in axons, our knowledge of the reliability of optogenetic axonal stimulation has relied on data from somatic recordings. Yet, there are many reasons why activation of axons may not be comparable to cell bodies. Thus we have developed an approach to more directly assess the fidelity of optogenetic activation of axonal projections. We expressed opsins (ChR2, Chronos, or oChIEF) in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) and recorded extracellular, pharmacologically isolated presynaptic action potentials in response to axonal activation in the higher visual areas. Repetitive stimulation of axons with ChR2 resulted in a 70% reduction in the fiber volley amplitude and a 60% increase in the latency at all frequencies tested (10-40 Hz). Thus ChR2 cannot reliably recruit axons during repetitive stimulation, even at frequencies that are reliable for somatic stimulation, likely due to pronounced channel inactivation at the high light powers required to evoke action potentials. By comparison, oChIEF and Chronos evoked photocurrents that inactivated minimally and could produce reliable axon stimulation at frequencies up to 60 Hz. Our approach provides a more direct and accurate evaluation of the efficacy of new optogenetic tools and has identified Chronos and oChIEF as viable tools to interrogate the synaptic and circuit function of long-range projections.
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
Hass CA,Glickfeld LLdoi
10.1152/jn.00456.2016subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-11-01 00:00:00pages
2056-2066issue
5eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598pii
jn.00456.2016journal_volume
116pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The R6/2 mouse is the most frequently used model for experimental and preclinical drug trials in Huntington's disease (HD). When the R6/2 mouse was first developed, it carried exon 1 of the huntingtin gene with ~150 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats. The model presented with a rapid and aggressive phenotype that ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00762.2011
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging signal arises as a consequence of changes in blood flow and oxygen usage that in turn are modulated by changes in neural activity. Much attention has been given to both theoretical and experimental aspects of the energetics but not to the ne...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00352.2017
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cervical dystonia (CD) is a movement disorder that involves involuntary turning and twisting of the neck caused by abnormal muscle contraction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is used to treat both CD and the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been suggested that the ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01107.2006
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primates can generate accurate, smooth eye-movement responses to moving target objects of arbitrary shape and size, even in the presence of complex backgrounds and/or the extraneous motion of non-target objects. Most previous studies of pursuit have simply used a spot moving over a featureless background as the target...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00987.2001
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The amines dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and octopamine (Oct) each elicit a distinctive motor pattern from a quiescent pyloric network in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion (STG). We previously have demonstrated that these amines alter the synaptic strength at multiple, distributed sites within the pyloric network...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3210
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of these studies was to determine the role of gracile nucleus and the effects of l-arginine-derived nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the nucleus on the cardiovascular responses to electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of "Zusanli" (ST36). Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during EA stimulat...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00170.2003
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanisms underlying the depression of evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) following superfusion with medium deprived of oxygen and glucose (in vitro ischemia) for a 4-min period in hippocampal CA1 neurons were investigated in rat brain slices. The amplitude of evoked fast EPSCs decreased by 85 +...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.3.1095
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study is to assess brain activity measured during continuous performance of design tracing tasks. Three issues were addressed: identification of brain areas involved in performing maze and square tracing tasks, investigation of differences and similarities in these areas related to dominant and nondomi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.2177
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The countermanding saccade task has been used in many studies to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the decision to execute or restrain rapid eye movements. In this task, the presentation of a saccade target is sometimes followed by the appearance of a stop cue that indicates that the subject should cance...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01323.2005
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::For the first time in any vertebrate, in vivo responses of single olfactory receptor neurons to odorant mixtures were studied quantitatively. Extracellular electrophysiological response of 54 single olfactory receptor neurons from 23 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to binary mixtures of amino acids and to their ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.1.1a
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The α9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α9-nAChR) subunit is expressed in the vestibular and auditory periphery, and its loss of function could compromise peripheral input from the predominantly cholinergic efferent vestibular system (EVS). A recent study has shown that α9-nAChRs play an important role in short-term ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01049.2015
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Older adults are at a high risk of falls, and most falls occur during locomotor activities like walking. This study aimed to improve our understanding of changes in neuromuscular control associated with increased risk of falls in older adults in the presence of dynamic balance challenges during walking. Motor module (...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00302.2018
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular pH of living tissue in the retina and elsewhere in the brain is lower than the pH of the surrounding milieu. We have shown that the pH gradient between the in vitro retina and the superfusion solution is regulated by a circadian (24-h) clock so that it is smaller in the subjective day than in the sub...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00881.2003
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The receptive field organization of nociceptive neurons suggests that noxious information may be encoded by population-based mechanisms. Electrophysiological evidence of population coding mechanisms has remained limited. However, psychophysical studies examining interactions between multiple noxious stimuli can provid...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.91350.2008
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacological modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors can provide important information on the types of subunits composing these receptors. In recombinant studies, zinc more potently inhibits alphabeta subunits compared with the alphabetagamma combination, whereas modulation by nanomolar concentrat...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1670
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were used to investigate the contribution of transient, low-threshold calcium currents (I(T)) to firing properties of hamster spinal dorsal horn neurons. I(T) was widely, though not uniformly, expressed by cells in Rexed's laminae I-IV and correlated with the pattern of action potenti...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01083.2010
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is a key nucleus involved in the homeostatic regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Little is known, however, about the cellular mechanisms underlying its role in sleep regulation and how the neurotransmitters, such as GABA and noradrenaline (NA), are involved. In the present study ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00491.2002
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have shown that a subset of neurons in the rat anterodorsal thalamus discharge as a function of the animal's head direction (HD) in the horizontal plane, independent of the animal's location and behavior. These cells have consistent firing properties across a wide range of conditions and cell discharg...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00649.2009
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rapid detection of sensory inputs is crucial for survival. Sensory detection explicitly requires the integration of incoming sensory information and the ability to distinguish between relevant information and ongoing neural activity. In this study, head-fixed rats were trained to detect the presence of a brief def...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00004.2012
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neural implants with large numbers of electrodes have become an important tool for examining brain functions. However, these devices typically displace a large intracranial volume compared with the neurons they record. This large size limits the density of implants, provokes tissue reactions that degrade chronic perfo...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00352.2020
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The primary functions of the superior colliculus (SC) are thought to include both the spatial localization of sensory stimuli and the initiation of an orienting response. It has been hypothesized that, in cat, both of these SC functions may be influenced by feedback from the extraocular muscles. The present investi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1989.62.6.1360
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used to derive detailed maps of distal forelimb movement representations in primary motor cortex (area 4) of adult squirrel monkeys before and a few months after a focal ischemic infarct. 2. Infarcts caused a marked but transient deficit in use of the contralate...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.2144
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The vestibular system plays a critical role in detection of head movements and is essential for normal postural control. Because of their anatomical proximity to the cochlea, the otolith organs are selectively exposed to sound pressure and are at risk for noise overstimulation. Clinical reports suggest a link between ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00668.2017
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) are tuned to the interaural time difference (ITD) of sound arriving at the two ears. MSO neurons evoke a strongest response at their best delay (BD), at which the internal delay between bilateral inputs to MSO matches the external ITD. We performed extracellular recordings in...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00131.2011
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is mounting evidence for the idea that performance in a visuomotor rotation task can be supported by both implicit and explicit forms of learning. The implicit component of learning has been well characterized in previous experiments and is thought to arise from the adaptation of an internal model driven by sens...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00009.2015
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Frequent gait modifications are often required to navigate our world. These can involve long or wide steps or changes in direction. People generally prefer to minimize the motor cost (or effort) of a movement, although with changes in gait this is not always possible. The decision of when and where to shift gaze is cr...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00027.2019
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visual tracking of moving objects requires prediction to compensate for visual delays and minimize mismatches between eye and target position and velocity. In everyday life, objects often disappear behind an occluder, and prediction is required to align eye and target at reappearance. Earlier studies investigating eye...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00596.2005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the mammalian vestibular periphery, electrical activation of the efferent vestibular system (EVS) has two effects on afferent activity: 1) it increases background afferent discharge and 2) decreases afferent sensitivity to rotational stimuli. Although the cellular mechanisms underlying these two contrasting afferen...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2017
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have revealed a new form of activity-dependent modulation of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in tactile (T) neurons of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. The firing of T cells is characterized by an AHP, which is mainly due to the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase. Low-frequency repetitive stimulation of T ne...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00075.2005
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We measured the timing of spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations and action potentials of medial and lateral agranular corticostriatal and striatal neurons with the use of in vivo intracellular recordings in urethan-anesthetized rats. All neurons showed spontaneous subthreshold membrane potential shifts from 7 to...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.4.1697
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00