Abstract:
RATIONALE:Ecstasy is a commonly used psychoactive drug with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as the main content. Importantly, it has been suggested that use of MDMA may be neurotoxic particularly for serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) neurons. In the past decades, several molecular imaging studies examined directly in vivo the effects of ecstasy/MDMA on neurotransmitter systems. OBJECTIVES:The objective of the present study is to review the effects of ecstasy/MDMA on neurotransmitter systems as assessed by molecular imaging studies in small animals, non-human primates and humans. METHODS:A search in PubMed was performed. Eighty-eight articles were found on which inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. RESULTS:Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria; all were focused on the 5-HT or dopamine (DA) system. Importantly, 9 out of 11 of the animal studies that examined the effects of MDMA on 5-HT transporter (SERT) availability showed a significant loss of binding potential. In human studies, this was the case for 14 out of 16 studies, particularly in heavy users. In abstinent users, significant recovery of SERT binding was found over time. Most imaging studies in humans that focused on the DA system did not find any significant effect of ecstasy/MDMA use. CONCLUSIONS:Preclinical and clinical molecular imaging studies on the effects of ecstasy/MDMA use/administration on neurotransmitter systems show quite consistent alterations of the 5-HT system. Particularly, in human studies, loss of SERT binding was observed in heavy ecstasy users, which might reflect 5-HT neurotoxicity, although alternative explanations (e.g. down-regulation of the SERT) cannot be excluded.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Vegting Y,Reneman L,Booij Jdoi
10.1007/s00213-016-4396-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-10-01 00:00:00pages
3473-501issue
19-20eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072pii
10.1007/s00213-016-4396-5journal_volume
233pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:RATIONALE:Prior research suggests that high levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are associated with aversive states such as morphine withdrawal, but this has not been tested for nicotine withdrawal. OBJECTIVES:The goal was to test the hypothesis that acute nicotine decreases extracellular ACh ...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
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abstract::Rats were chronically administered either haloperidol (HAL) or fluphenazine (FLU) via depot injections for 8 months, given these same drugs in their drinking water for the next 2 months, and then withdrawn from the drugs. Throughout the experiment the animals were tested repeatedly in an enclosed tube using a computer...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Like other monoamine releasers such as D-amphetamine, chronic treatment with phenmetrazine can attenuate cocaine self-administration in monkeys. OBJECTIVES:The present studies extended this finding to rodents and to cocaine-primed reinstatement, a putative laboratory animal model of relapse. METHODS:In expe...
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
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更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
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更新日期:1979-02-28 00:00:00
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