Effects of Cobalt Chloride, a Hypoxia-Mimetic Agent, on Autophagy and Atrophy in Skeletal C2C12 Myotubes.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Hypoxia-induced autophagy and muscle wasting occur in several environmental and pathological conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of the hypoxia-mimetic agent CoCl2 on autophagy and muscle atrophy are still unclear. METHODS:C2C12 myotubes were exposed to increasing concentrations of CoCl2 for 24 hours. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to confirm autophagy occurs. Autophagy proteins were measured to understand the molecule mechanisms. We also inhibited hypoxic autophagy and examined the changes in myogenin expression, myotubes formation, and apoptosis. RESULTS:Our results showed that CoCl2-mimicked hypoxia upregulated the expression of the autophagy-related proteins LC3, HIF-1α, BNIP3, p-AMPKα, and beclin-1, whereas p62 and p-mTOR were downregulated. In addition, the autophagosome could be observed after CoCl2 induction. The expression of the autophagy-related E3 ligase parkin and the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 was increased by CoCl2. Inhibition of autophagy by 3MA increased myogenin expression and promoted myotubes formation and the percentage of cell death was decreased. CONCLUSIONS:Our results confirmed that CoCl2-mimicked hypoxia induced autophagy via the HIF-1α/BNIP3/beclin-1 and AMPK/mTOR pathways. Our results also revealed an important link between autophagy and muscle atrophy under hypoxia, which may help to develop new therapeutic strategies for muscle diseases.

journal_name

Biomed Res Int

authors

Chen R,Jiang T,She Y,Xu J,Li C,Zhou S,Shen H,Shi H,Liu S

doi

10.1155/2017/7097580

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-01-01 00:00:00

pages

7097580

eissn

2314-6133

issn

2314-6141

journal_volume

2017

pub_type

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