Abstract:
:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically acquired asymptomatically in childhood. In contrast, infection later in life often leads to infectious mononucleosis (IM), a febrile illness characterized by anti-EBV IgM antibody positivity, high loads of circulating latently infected B cells, and a marked lymphocytosis caused by hyperexpansion of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells plus a milder expansion of CD56dim NKG2A+ KIR- natural killer (NK) cells. How the two situations compare is unclear due to the paucity of studies on clinically silent infection. Here we describe five prospectively studied patients with asymptomatic infections identified in a seroepidemiologic survey of university entrants. In each case, the key blood sample had high cell-associated viral loads without a marked CD8 lymphocytosis or NK cell disturbance like those seen in patients during the acute phase of IM. Two of the cases with the highest viral loads showed a coincident expansion of activated EBV-specific CD8+ T cells, but overall CD8+ T cell numbers were either unaffected or only mildly increased. Two cases with slightly lower loads, in whom serology suggests the infection may have been caught earlier in the course of infection, also showed no T or NK cell expansion at the time. Interestingly, in another case with a higher viral load, in which T and NK cell responses were undetectable in the primary blood sample in which infection was detected, EBV-specific T cell responses did not appear until several months later, by which time the viral loads in the blood had already fallen. Thus, some patients with asymptomatic primary infections have very high circulating viral loads similar to those in patients during the acute phase of IM and a cell-mediated immune response that is qualitatively similar to that in IM patients but of a lower magnitude. However, other patients may have quite different immune responses that ultimately could reveal novel mechanisms of host control.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is transmitted orally, replicates in the throat, and then invades the B lymphocyte pool through a growth-transforming latent infection. While primary infection in childhood is usually asymptomatic, delayed infection is associated with infectious mononucleosis (IM), a febrile illness in which patients have high circulating viral loads and an exaggerated virus-induced immune response involving both CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Here we show that in five cases of asymptomatic infection, viral loads in the blood were as high as those in patients during the acute phase of IM, whereas the cell-mediated responses, even when they resembled those in patients during the acute phase of IM in timing and quality, were never as exaggerated. We infer that IM symptoms arise as a consequence not of the virus infection per se but of the hyperactivated immune response. Interestingly, there were idiosyncratic differences among asymptomatic cases in the relationship between the viral load and the response kinetics, emphasizing how much there is still to learn about primary EBV infection.
journal_name
J Viroljournal_title
Journal of virologyauthors
Abbott RJ,Pachnio A,Pedroza-Pacheco I,Leese AM,Begum J,Long HM,Croom-Carter D,Stacey A,Moss PAH,Hislop AD,Borrow P,Rickinson AB,Bell AIdoi
10.1128/JVI.00382-17subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-10-13 00:00:00issue
21eissn
0022-538Xissn
1098-5514pii
JVI.00382-17journal_volume
91pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a potent activator of viral transcription. Tax also activates the expression of specific cellular genes involved in the control of T-lymphocyte growth via effects on cellular transcription factors, including members of the NF-kappaB/cRel family. Immunoc...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.71.5.3484-3497.1997
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synthesis of polynucleotide 5'-triphosphatase, which is presumably involved in the initial modification in the series of reactions by which 5'-termini of vaccinia mRNA become capped and methylated, has been demonstrated in vaccinia virus infected HeLa cells. Synthesis of the enzyme is prevented by actinomycin D and cy...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.25.1.37-41.1978
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an effort to identify host proteins involved in herpes simplex virus type 1 replication, monkey and human cellular protein activities (called OF-1) that bind the viral replication origin, oriS, have been described. We show by mass spectrometry that the DNA-binding component of human OF-1 contains Ku70 and Ku80 prot...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.78.14.7839-7842.2004
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA silencing is a potent means of antiviral defense in plants and animals. A hallmark of this defense response is the production of 21- to 24-nucleotide viral small RNAs via mechanisms that remain to be fully understood. Many viruses encode suppressors of RNA silencing, and some viral RNAs function directly as silenc...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.02339-06
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A soluble system was developed that could support DNA replication in simian virus 40 (SV40) chromosomes. DNA synthesis in this system required the presence of purified SV40 large tumor antigen, SV40 chromosomes prepared from virus-infected monkey cells, a crude extract from HeLa cells, and several low-molecular-weight...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.64.10.4820-4829.1990
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Characterization of endogenous ecotropic Akv proviruses in DNA of low and high leukemic mouse strains revealed the presence of one to six copies of the Akv genome per haploid genome equivalent integrated in the germ line. Low leukemic strains analyzed so far contained only one complete copy of the Akv proviral DNA. Th...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.41.3.901-908.1982
更新日期:1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purified Friend viruses obtained from chronically infected tissue cultures were studied under the electron microscope in an effort to correlate the fine structure of the particles to their leukemogenic activity under varied experimental conditions, i.e., temperature treatments and exposure to Tween 80, amyl acetate, o...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.2.4.365-375.1968
更新日期:1968-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the P1 region of the genomes of 10 independent equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) isolates were determined and found to be very closely related. A panel of seven monoclonal antibodies to the prototype virus ERAV.393/76 that bound to nonneutralization epitopes conserved am...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.75.21.10550-10556.2001
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism of heparan sulfate (HS)-mediated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) binding to and infection of T cells was investigated with a clone (H9h) of the T-cell line H9 selected on the basis of its high level of cell surface CD4 expression. Semiquantitative PCR analysis revealed that enzymatic removal ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.69.4.2233-2239.1995
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), a simian gamma-2 herpesvirus closely related to the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, replicates lytically in cultured rhesus monkey fibroblasts and establishes persistence in B cells. Overlapping cosmid clones were generated that encompass the entire 130-kilobase-pair genome of ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.80.3.1549-1562.2006
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of purified simian virus 40 large T antigen (LT) with protein phosphatase 2A stimulates LT-dependent DNA unwinding and replication (D. M. Virshup, M. G. Kauffman, and T. J. Kelly, EMBO J. 8: 3891-3898, 1989). The specificity of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A toward LT was investigated by two...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.65.4.2098-2101.1991
更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We analyzed control sequences of the human papovavirus JC virus (JCV) to define the cis-acting elements that regulate specific expression of the viral early region genes in glial cells. Nuclear run-on transcription, S1 analysis, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzyme activity in a transient transfection assay es...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.63.1.463-466.1989
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polypeptides synthesized in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected CHO cells in the absence of glycosylation were characterized. Incorporation of either [3H]mannose of [3H]glucosamine into NDV polypeptides was inhibited to greater than 99% by the antibiotic tunicamycin. Under these conditions, infected cells synthesiz...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.36.1.171-180.1980
更新日期:1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::ev 2 is one of seven recently described genetic loci of chickens which contain structural genes for endogenous virus. ev 2 is present exclusively in line 72 chickens, an inbred strain of white Leghorns which is homozygous for the capacity to produce Rous-associated virus type 0 (RAV-0), a subgroup E virus. This phenot...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.33.1.250-255.1980
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The novel low-pathogenic avian influenza A H7N9 viruses (LPAI H7N9 viruses) have been a threat to public health since their emergence in 2013 because of the high rates of mortality and morbidity that they cause. Recently, highly pathogenic variants of these avian influenza A H7N9 viruses (HPAI H7N9 viruses) have emerg...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01277-17
更新日期:2017-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::The hepadnavirus P gene contains amino acid sequences which share homology with all known RNases H. In this study, we made four mutants in which single amino acids of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) RNase H region were altered. In two of them, amino acids at locations comprising the putative catalytic site were chan...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.70.9.6151-6156.1996
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously shown for the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) that a functional promoter for RNA replication requires proper spacing between two discontinuous elements: a 19-base segment at the 3' terminus (conserved region I [CRI]) and an 18-base internal region (CRII) that is contained within the coding region...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.75.8.3993-3998.2001
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of avian reovirus (ARV) p17 protein on cell cycle progression and host cellular protein translation were studied. ARV infection and ARV p17 transfection resulted in the accumulation of infected and/or transfected cells in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle. The accumulation of cells in the G(2)/M phase was...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
doi:10.1128/JVI.02604-09
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The V protein of Sendai virus (SeV) is nonessential to virus replication in cell culture but indispensable to viral pathogenicity in mice. The highly conserved cysteine-rich zinc finger-like domain in its carboxyl terminus is believed to be responsible for this viral pathogenicity. In the present study, we showed that...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/jvi.74.17.7834-7841.2000
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) functionally resembles a constitutively active, CD40-like receptor and contributes to the maintenance of proliferation of EBV-infected primary human B lymphocytes. LMP-1 is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it binds TRAF, TRADD, and JAK molecules t...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/jvi.74.20.9755-9761.2000
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic basis for the distinctive capacity of influenza A/WSN/33 (H0N1) virus (WSN virus) to produce plaques on bovine kidney (MDBK) cells was found to be related to virus neuraminidase. Recombinant viruses that derived only the neuraminidase of WSN virus were capable of producing plaques, whereas recombinant viru...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.24.1.170-176.1977
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three defense functions of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immune exclusion, intracellular neutralization, and virus excretion, were assessed in a measles virus model using polarized epithelial cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and monoclonal antibodies against the viral H and F envelope proteins and the ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/jvi.76.21.10972-10979.2002
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::cpts530, a candidate live-virus vaccine, is an attenuated strain of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It was derived by subjecting a cold-passaged (cp) strain of RSV to a single round of chemical mutagenesis. cpts530 is a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant that is attenuated in mice and chimpanzees, and its ts p...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.71.8.5814-5819.1997
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses in the family Coronaviridae, within the order Nidovirales, are etiologic agents of a range of human and animal diseases, including both mild and severe respiratory diseases in humans. These viruses encode conserved replicase and structural proteins as well as more diverse accessory proteins, encoded in the 3' ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.02201-16
更新日期:2017-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::Coronavirus envelope (E) proteins are small (approximately 75- to 110-amino-acid) membrane proteins that have a short hydrophilic amino terminus, a relatively long hydrophobic membrane domain, and a long hydrophilic carboxy-terminal domain. The protein is a minor virion structural component that plays an important, no...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01472-06
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat protein has a critical role in viral transcription, but this study focuses on its additional role as an extracellular effector of lymphocyte cell death. It is well known that Tat induces tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL) in peripheral blood mononu...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/jvi.77.12.6700-6708.2003
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the rationale that the neuropathological similarities between scrapie and Alzheimer's disease reflect convergent pathological mechanisms involving altered gene expression, we set out to identify molecular events involved in both processes, using scrapie as a model to study the time course of these changes. We dif...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.65.9.4759-4768.1991
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are found throughout vertebrate genomes, and failure to silence their activation can have deleterious consequences on the host. Mutation and subsequent disruption of ERV loci is therefore an indispensable component of the cell-intrinsic defenses that maintain the integrity of the host gen...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.00728-19
更新日期:2019-09-30 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Protease is essential for retroviral replication, and protease inhibitors (PI) are important for treating HIV infection. HIV-2 exhibits intrinsic resistance to most FDA-approved HIV-1 PI, retaining clinically useful susceptibility only to lopinavir, darunavir, and saquinavir. The mechanisms for this resistan...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01772-15
更新日期:2015-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) is a recently molecularly characterized RNA virus with the unique feature of supporting the replication of two subviral RNAs in a few species of the family Gramineae. The subviral agents include a satellite RNA (satRNA) that is devoid of a coding region and the unrelated satellite panicum mo...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.75.11.5429-5432.2001
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00