Abstract:
INTRODUCTION:Gallstones are rarely mentioned in the medical texts of antiquity. The physician, Alexander of Tralles mentions-for the first time-stones in the gallbladder as a possible cause for obstructive jaundice. This designation is found in his textbook on medicine under the heading "obstruction of the liver". Based on that observation, we describe the ancient history of hepatic obstruction and investigate the connection with the rare reference of gallstones in the medical texts of antiquity. METHODS:First, we evaluated the medico-historical literature on bile-stones and liver obstruction in antiquity, which has been published since 1900. The identified ancient sources we have analyzed for the purposes of etiology, diagnostics and therapy. Second, we searched for additional ancient sources with a combined keyword search in Greek and Latin text databases to check the completeness of the mentions of gallstones and liver obstructions known from the research literature. RESULTS:There are two mentions of stones in the liver and gallbladder: Aristotle probably describes stones in the liver of slaughtered sacrificial animals and the late-antique physician, Alexander of Tralles, in the gallbladder of humans. The mechanical obstruction of the bile ducts as a cause of jaundice has been known since Diocles of Karystos (4th century BC). For the first time, Galen of Pergamon describes the disease pattern of a liver obstruction (2nd century AC). This was due to the coagulation of the yellow bile, one of the four humors of ancient humoral pathology. CONCLUSION:Although gallstones were rarely mentioned, the clinical presentation of gallstone disease was known to ancient authors of medical texts and was referred to as liver obstruction. EINLEITUNG:Gallensteine werden in den medizinischen Fachschriften der Antike selten erwähnt. Der Arzt Alexander von Tralleis nennt erstmals Steine in der Gallenblase als mögliche Ursache für einen obstruktiven Ikterus. Diese Nennung findet sich in seinem Lehrbuch der Heilkunde unter der Überschrift „Leberverstopfung“. Ausgehend von dieser Beobachtung beschreiben wir die antike Geschichte der Leberverstopfung und untersuchen den Zusammenhang mit der seltenen Erwähnung von Gallensteinen in den medizinischen Fachschriften der Antike. METHODEN:In einem ersten Schritt haben wir die seit 1900 erschienene medizinhistorische Forschungsliteratur zu Gallensteinen und Leberverstopfung in der Antike ausgewertet. Die dadurch ermittelten antiken Originaltexte haben wir hinsichtlich Ätiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie analysiert. In einem zweiten Schritt haben wir mit einer kombinierten Stichwortsuche in griechischen und lateinischen Textdatenbanken weitere Originaltexte gesucht. Mit den Ergebnissen haben wir die aus der Forschungsliteratur bekannten Erwähnungen von Gallensteinen und Leberverstopfung auf ihre Vollständigkeit hin überprüft. ERGEBNISSE:Es sind zwei Erwähnungen von Steinen in Leber und Gallenblase belegbar: Aristoteles beschreibt wahrscheinlich Steine in der Leber geschlachteter Opfertiere und der spätantike Arzt Alexander von Tralleis in der Gallenblase eines Menschen. Die mechanische Obstruktion der Gallenwege als Ursache für einen Ikterus ist seit Diokles von Karystos (4. Jh. v. Chr.) bekannt. Das Krankheitsbild einer Leberverstopfung beschreibt erstmals Galen von Pergamon (2. Jh. n. Chr.). Er führte es auf die Koagulation der gelben Galle zurück, eines der vier Säfte der antiken Humoralpathologie. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG:Obwohl Gallensteine selten genannt wurden, war den antiken Autoren medizinischer Fachschriften das klinische Bild von Gallensteinleiden bekannt und wurde als Leberverstopfung bezeichnet.
journal_name
Z Gastroenteroljournal_title
Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologieauthors
Ursin F,Steger Fdoi
10.1055/s-0043-120349subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-03-01 00:00:00pages
249-254issue
3eissn
0044-2771issn
1439-7803journal_volume
56pub_type
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