Abstract:
:This chapter gives an overview of present knowledge and clinical aspects of antidiabetic drugs according to the recently available research evidence and clinical expertise.Many agents are acting on eight groups of pathophysiological mechanisms, which is commonly called as "Ominous Octet" by DeFronzo. The muscle, liver and β-cell, the fat cell, gastrointestinal tract, α-cell, kidney, and brain play essential roles in the development of glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetic individuals (Defronzo, Diabetes 58:773-795, 2009).A treatment paradigm shift is seen in the initiation of anti-hyperglycemic agents from old friends (meglitinides or sulphonylürea) to newer agents effecting on GLP-1 RA or SGLT-2 inhibitors. It is mostly about the other protective positive effects of these agents for kidney, heart, etc. Although there are concerns for the long term safety profiles; they are used widely around the World. The delivery of patient-centered care, facilitating medication adherence, the importance of weight loss in obese patients, the importance of co-morbid conditions are the mainstays of selecting the optimal agent.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Gökçay Canpolat A,Şahin Mdoi
10.1007/5584_2020_516subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-01-01 00:00:00pages
7-27eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
1307pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The world is facing an ever-increasing problem with antibiotic resistant bacteria and we are rapidly heading for a post-antibiotic era. There is an urgent need to investigate alterative treatment options while there are still a few antibiotics left. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically target bacteria. Before ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_7
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical imaging now enables measurement of the lung in vivo at controlled volumes, prompting the development of increasingly sophisticated models of the geometry of the lung, from the largest airways and vessels to the alveolar tissue and capillary bed. We have developed methods for deriving subject-specific models of...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73693-8_33
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Crithidia fasciculata DNA topoisomerase (22) has been purified to near homogeneity from trypanosomatid cell extracts. The purified enzyme catalyzes the reversible interconversion of monomeric duplex DNA circles and catenanes in an ATP dependent reaction. Reversible catenane formation is affected by the ionic strength ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8730-5_42
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Direct studies linking drugs of abuse with changes in neurotransmitters and subsequent effects on the immune system are not abundant. One can, however, hypothesize that an indirect effect can occur since a variety of neurotransmitters known to be acted on by various drugs of abuse can, in turn, be correlated with chan...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5925-8_2
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::After the initial discovery of neuropilin-1 as an epitope on axons recognized by a monoclonal antibody, neuropilins were rediscovered in the search for receptors mediating the repulsive actions of class 3 Semaphorins, notably Sema3A. Neuropilins are the ligand binding moieties in the class 3 Semaphorin receptor comple...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumors consists of subpopulation of cells in which each subtype has contributes to tumor progression. Specifically one subtype known as cancer stem cells are associated with the initiation, progression, resistance to conventional therapies and metastasis. Metastasis is leading cause of cancer related deaths. Overall i...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/5584_2018_279
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We applied a theoretical model of muscle tissue O2 transport to investigate the effects of flow redistribution on rat soleus muscle oxygenation. The situation chosen was the anaerobic threshold where redistribution of flow is expected to have the largest impact. In the basic situation all capillaries received an equal...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85998-9_9
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mutational basis of APRT deficiency was studied in non-Japanese and Japanese patients. Fifteen different mutations have been identified altogether. Of these 4 were common, 6 were located in exon 3, and two at the exon 4-intron 4 junction. The common mutations were a missense mutation in exon 3 (asp65----val) and a...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7703-4_16
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The food industries need rapid and affordable methods to assure the quality ofproducts and process control. Biosensors, combining a biological recognition element and a sensitive transducer, are versatile analytical tools that offer advantages as classical analytical methods due to their inherent specificity, selectiv...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_22
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gremlin is a member of the TGF-β superfamily that can act as a BMP antagonist, and recently, has been described as a ligand of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Gremlin shares properties with the Notch signaling pathway. Both participate in embryonic development and are reactivated in patholo...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_6
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The quantification of tissue oxygen by frequency or time domain methods has been discussed in a number of prior publications where the meaning of the tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation was unclear and where the CW instruments were unsuitable for proper quantitative measurements [1, 2]. The development of the IQ Phase...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_2
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incredible success of vaccinations in contributing to public health is undeniable. In fact, vaccines are the most cost-effective public health tool for disease prevention because their cost is less than the combined costs of treatment, hospitalization, and time loss from work. However, despite the availability of ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_44
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the abundance and ecological importance of sea urchins in eastern Australia, it is not known how they may contribute to ambient noise. The sounds of feeding of two temperate and two tropical species were recorded in captivity. Most sound was produced between 2.3 and 9.2 kHz, but there were differences between ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_133
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is now well recognized that a main actor in the continuous interaction between the nervous and immune systems is the pineal hormone MLT. T-helper cells bear G-protein coupled MLT cell membrane receptors and, perhaps, MLT nuclear receptors. Activation of MLT receptors enhances the release of T-helper cell type 1 (Th...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/0-306-46814-x_47
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During each step of prostate cancer metastasis, cancer displays phenotypic plasticity that is associated with the expression of both epithelial and mesenchymal properties or an epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This phenotypic transition is typically in response to microenvironment signals and is the basis for bas...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_7
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells has opened the possibility to design novel therapeutic approaches. In 2014, the first-in-human clinical trial of iPSC-based therapy was conducted. However, the transplantation for the second patient was discontinued at least in part due to g...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_2
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the oxygen (O2) cascade downstream steps can never achieve higher flows of O2 than the preceding ones. At the lung the transfer of O2 is determined by the O2 gradient between the alveolar space and the lung capillaries and the O2 diffusing capacity (DLO2). While DLO2 may be increased several times during exercise b...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_26
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We measured preretinal oxygen tensions using a microelectrode in dogs made diabetic with alloxan. The intravenous administration of insulin did not affect preretinal oxygen tension over the two hours it could be continuously accurately measured. Furthermore, the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curves measured before and...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1188-1_60
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kainate-type glutamate receptor displays strong modulation by monovalent anions and cations. This modulation is independent of permeation of the ion channel. Instead, structural, computational and biophysical evidence shows that receptor activity is controlled by binding of sodium and chloride ions at sites that s...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9557-5_9
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In normal and cancer cells, successful cell division requires accurate duplication of chromosomal DNA. All cells require a multiprotein DNA duplication system (replisomes) for their existence. However, death of normal cells in our body occurs through the apoptotic process. During apoptotic process several crucial gene...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_15
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many double-stranded DNA bacteriophages and viruses use specialized ATP-driven molecular machines to package their genomes into tightly confined procapsid shells. Over the last decade, single-molecule approaches - and in particular, optical tweezers - have made key contributions to our understanding of this remarkable...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_24
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major central part of elastic ligaments is constituted by longitudinally orientated elastic fibres, each surrounded by a sheath of spirally orientated collagen fibrils with an intervening thin layer of microfibrils. In the terminal region of such ligaments the orientation of the collagen fibrils is longitudinal an...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9093-0_9
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::213 paired tcpO2/paO2-data and 186 paired tcSO2/SaO2-data measured in 25 newborns (10 term, 15 prematures) were compared. The correlation coefficient for tcpO2/paO2 was 0.796, for tcSO2/SaO2 0.944. Sensitivity for discriminating between normo- and hypoxemia (paO2 less than 50 torr) was 82% for the tcpO2- and 88% for t...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1927-6_30
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is no doubt that feeding and nutrient availability modify the metabolism through hormonal changes. It is otherwise interesting to better define the influence of the imposed or freely chosen meal distribution during the day; in fact the daily feed intake in a relatively short time, namely during the daylight, see...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/0-306-46832-8_27
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels are key elements in the etiopathogenesis of various forms of epilepsy. In this chapter, we present an overview of the functional implications of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels in modulating internal Ca(2+) level fluctuations and generating ictiform/epileptiform cellular electrophy...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_55
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Baroreflex is involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure (BP). An increase in BP activates vagal inhibitory pathways to decrease heart rate; a concomitant decrease in sympathetic discharge reduces vascular resistance. Both responses reduce BP towards normal value. Conversely, a decrease in BP produces oppos...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_25
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The failure of complete remissions to reliably translate into cures in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be explained by the leukemia stem cell (LSC) paradigm, which hypothesizes that rare leukemia cells with stem cell features, including self-renewal capacity and drug resistance, are primarily responsible for both dis...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14366-4_9
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In using a reversed hypoosmotic lysis and resealing process, internalization of Naloxone or Naltrexone prodrugs as new opioid antagonists into red blood cells (RBC) can be obtained. We describe the entrapment method and haematological parameters of such RBC carriers. Percentages of internalization range between 35% an...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3030-5_27
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe the events surrounding the identification of the exosome complex and the subsequent early development of the field. Like many scientific discoveries, the initial identification and characterization ofthe exosome was based on a combination of skill, good fortune--and the availability of cutting edge technol...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, NO is capable of decreasing mitochondrial respiration in a variety of mammalian tissues. This effect is mediated primarily via binding of NO to the O2 binding site of cytochrome oxidase. This highly sensitive interaction presumably reflects a remnant homology between cytochrome oxidase and bacterial nitrat...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4717-4_46
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00