Abstract：
:In randomized controlled trials, the intention-to-treat estimator provides an unbiased estimate of the causal effect of treatment assignment on the outcome. However, patients often want to know what the effect would be if they were to take the treatment as prescribed (the patient-oriented effect), and several researchers have suggested that the more relevant causal effect for this question is the complier average causal effect (CACE), also referred to as the local average treatment effect. Sophisticated approaches to estimating the CACE include Bayesian and frequentist methods for principal stratification, inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighted estimators, and instrumental-variable (IV) analysis. All of these approaches exploit information about adherence to assigned treatment to improve upon the intention-to-treat estimator, but they are rarely used in practice, probably because of their complexity. The IV principal stratification estimator is simple to implement but has had limited use in practice, possibly due to lack of familiarity. Here, we show that the IV principal stratification estimator is a modified per-protocol estimator that should be obtainable from any randomized controlled trial, and we provide a closed form for its robust variance (and its uncertainty). Finally, we illustrate sensitivity analyses we conducted to assess inference in light of potential violations of the exclusion restriction assumption.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Steele RJ,Shrier I,Kaufman JS,Platt RWdoi
10.1093/aje/kwv065subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-09-15 00:00:00pages
557-66issue
6eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256pii
kwv065journal_volume
182pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The associations of retinol and beta-carotene plasma concentrations with eight personal variables and the use of seven classes of cardiovascular drugs were studied in over 1,750 patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer enrolled at four American study centers in a cancer prevention clinical trial. Dietary carotene and fem...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115365
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors examined the association of blood pressure with cognitive function as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a community-based Swedish cohort of 1,736 people aged 75-101 years. Age, sex, education, antihypertensive medication use, heart disease, and stroke were considered as covariates. Mu...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009073
更新日期：1997-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In a population-based case-control study carried out in Adelaide, South Australia, during the years 1984-1987, the diets of 104 cases of cancer of the pancreas 1 year prior to diagnosis were compared with the diets of 253 community controls. A quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess usual dietary ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116069
更新日期：1991-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In 2018, the Society for Epidemiologic Research and its partner journal, the American Journal of Epidemiology, assembled a working group to develop a set of papers devoted to the "future of epidemiology." These 14 papers covered a wide range of topic areas and perspectives, from thoughts on our profession, teaching, a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1093/aje/kwz045
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Alaskan Eskimos is characterized by greatly increased disease incidence at younger ages. This suggests that Eskimo infants have increased exposure to the disease. Exposure was studied in 1982-1983 in children less than age three years who lived in four Eskimo villages, as well ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114758
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite growing interest and concern about men's mental health during the perinatal period, we still do not know whether men are more vulnerable to mental health problems during this time. The current study is one of the first to use longitudinal, population-based data to investigate whether becoming an expectant and/...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwu177
更新日期：2014-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Several studies suggest that toxic chemicals in hair products may be absorbed through the scalp in sufficient amounts to increase the risks of adverse health effects in women or their infants. This case-control study of 525 Black women from three counties in North Carolina who had delivered a singleton, liveborn infan...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009879
更新日期：1999-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined the effect of preschool physical activity on the change in body fatness from preschool to first grade. The Framingham Children's Study, a longitudinal study of childhood cardiovascular risk behaviors, began in 1987 with the enrollment of 106 children aged 3-5 years and their parents. The present an...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117747
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the results of cohort studies on the association between alcohol and breast cancer are rather consistent, the current evidence is based solely on North American cohorts. Therefore, this association was evaluated in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, conducted since 1986 among 62,573 women aged 5...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117357
更新日期：1995-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The analysis of exposure misclassification has received considerable attention in the epidemiologic literature, with the result that methods for correcting many summary risk estimates for such misclassification are well known. However, the application of such methods typically requires more data than are usually publi...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117653
更新日期：1995-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients at the same stage of chronic disease may have had different rates of disease progression. The authors developed a mathematical modeling approach that allows reconstructing and comparing populations in terms of the disease progression rates of their participants when the disease onset and progression rates are...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008881
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors investigated variations in cognitive ability by gestational age among 13,824 children at age 6.5 years who were born at term with normal weight, using data from a prospective cohort recruited in 1996-1997 in Belarus. The mean differences in the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence were examined by g...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/aje/kwp413
更新日期：2010-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To investigate whether use of electric blankets, one of the largest sources of electromagnetic field exposure in the home, is associated with the risk of female breast cancer, the authors analyzed data from a population-based US case-control study. The 2,199 case patients were under age 55 years and had been newly dia...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009681
更新日期：1998-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Since 1963, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), formerly the Cholera Research Laboratory, has maintained a field station in Matlab to treat patients from a surveillance population of 240,000 who have cholera and other diarrheal diseases. Since 1966, the authors have analyzed...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113498
更新日期：1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiologic research that uses administrative records (rather than registries or clinical surveys) to identify cases for study has been increasingly restricted because of concerns about privacy, making unbiased population-based research less practicable. In their article, Nattinger et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(6...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq219
更新日期：2010-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Perinatal mortality has several components which may have distinct epidemiologic features. In an investigation of the total singleton birth population of New York City in 1976-1978 (n = 320,726), the authors divided perinatal mortality into four components: late fetal deaths that occurred before labor (late antepartum...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114259
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent a single measure, self-rated health (SRH), independently predicts long-term hospitalizations due to all causes and to cardiovascular diseases by using both the standard Cox proportional hazards model and a more robust events model. The study cohort consisted of...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/153.3.232
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between injurious falls requiring hospitalization and selected classes of medications was examined in a case-control study of nursing home residents. Information for this study was obtained exclusively from four computerized administrative databases. Over the period from April 1987 to March 1992, a tot...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/145.8.738
更新日期：1997-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity, android fat distribution, and other anthropometric measures have been associated with coronary heart disease in long-term prospective studies. However, fluctuations in weight due to age-related hormonal changes and changes in lifestyle practices may bias relative risk estimates over a long follow-up period. T...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117385
更新日期：1995-06-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008951
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwy236
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwu160
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the inverse association between hysterectomy and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) was considered well established, investigators in recent studies including women diagnosed after 2000 have observed modest increases in risk. Most studies have been conducted in white women with little representation of African-A...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwx055
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Familial resemblance in the blood pressure response to sodium restriction in normotensive persons was investigated. Forty-four families of identical twin children participated in a sodium restriction (less than or equal to 75 meq/day) protocol for a period of 12 weeks. Subjects were residents of central Indiana, and t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114719
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:State Medicaid programs collectively cover more than 70 million people, and are the largest single payer for pregnancy and delivery in the United States. In this issue, Margerison et al. (Am J Epidemiol. XXXX;XXX(XX):XXXX-XXXX) investigate the extent to which Medicaid expansions to non-pregnant low-income adults under...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwaa290
更新日期：2021-01-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Although there has been a rapid rise in the publication of meta-analyses of genetic association studies, little is known about their methodological quality. The authors reviewed the quality of 120 randomly selected genetic meta-analyses published between 2005 and 2007. Data extracted included issues of general relevan...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/aje/kwp350
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lung cancer mortality in England and Wales among males in the age group 25 to 84 over the years 1941 to 1975 was analyzed. Using cigarette consumption information from the Tobacco Research Council and a statistical model, relative and attributable risks were estimated. The lung cancer deaths could be partitioned into ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113779
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation of adenocarcinoma of the facial sinuses and exposure to wood dust has been recognized for 20 years. As the tracheobronchial mucosa is similar to that lining the sinuses, a link between bronchial adenocarcinoma and wood dust exposure has been postulated. To test this hypothesis, a case-control study was co...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115444
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies assessing the association between age and drinking are inconsistent. Evaluating 15,425 Black and White men and women from four communities, this study sought to determine whether there was a consistent relation between age and drinking in cross-sectional and longitudin...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/153.11.1102
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experimental studies suggest that vitamin D modulates the activity of adipocytes. The authors examined baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in relation to prevalent and cumulative incident obesity in Norway. A cohort of 25,616 adults aged 19-55 years participated in both the second and third surveys of t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwr456
更新日期：2012-05-15 00:00:00
