Abstract：
:Polycomb group (PcG) proteins regulate and maintain expression pattern of genes set early during development. Although originally isolated as regulators of homeotic genes, PcG members play a key role in epigenetic mechanisms that maintain the expression state of a large number of genes. All members of the two polycomb repressive complexes (PRC1 and PRC2) are conserved during evolution and while invertebrates generally have one gene for each of these, vertebrates have multiple homologues of them. It remains unclear, however, if different vertebrate PcG homologues have distinct or overlapping functions. We have identified and compared the sequence of PcG homologues in various organisms to analyze similarities and differences that shaped the evolutionary history of these proteins. Comparative analysis of the sequences led to the identification of several novel and signature motifs in the vertebrate homologues of these proteins, which can be directly used to pick respective homologues. Our analysis shows that PcG is an ancient gene group dating back to pre-bilaterian origin that has not only been conserved but also expanded during the evolution of complexity. The presence of unique motifs in each paralogue and its conservation for more than 500 Ma indicates their functional relevance and probable unique role. Although this does not rule out completely any overlapping function, our finding that these homologues only minimally overlap in their nuclear localization suggests that each PcG homologue has distinct function. We further propose distinct complex formation by the PcG members. Taken together, our studies suggest non-redundant and specific role of multiple homologues of PcG proteins in vertebrates and indicate major expansion event preceded by emergence of vertebrates that contributed as enhanced epigenetic resource to the evolution of complexity.
journal_name
Mech Devjournal_title
Mechanisms of developmentauthors
Sowpati DT,Ramamoorthy S,Mishra RKdoi
10.1016/j.mod.2015.07.013subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-11-01 00:00:00pages
97-112eissn
0925-4773issn
1872-6356pii
S0925-4773(15)30014-9journal_volume
138 Pt 2pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Six/sine oculis (Six/so) class genes, with representatives in vertebrates and invertebrates, include members with key developmental roles in the anterior part of the central nervous system (CNS) and eye. Having characterized the role of the first planarian gene of the Six/so family in eye development, we attempted to ...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(03)00111-4
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are known to have essential roles in both the establishment and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell lineage. MyoD is expressed early in the Xenopus mesoderm where it is present and active several hours before the activation of muscle differentiation genes. Previous studies in...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2017.05.002
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Increases in Na/K-ATPase activity occur concurrently with the onset of cavitation and are associated with increases in Na(+)-pump subunit mRNA and protein expression. We have hypothesized that the alpha1-isozyme of the Na/K-ATPase is required to mediate blastocyst formation. We have tested this hypothesis by character...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2004.04.005
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In endothelial cells that form capillary-like structures in vitro a variety of genes is upregulated as we have demonstrated previously. In addition to well known genes, we also identified genes never described in endothelial cells before. Here, we report the further characterization of one selected gene called cystein...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00355-6
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The homeobox gene superfamily is highly conserved during evolution. These genes act as transcription factors during several important developmental processes through their 60 amino acid homeodomains that recognize and bind to the regulatory region of their target genes. We isolated a novel homeobox gene designated Tex...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00026-6
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vascularization of the central nervous system occurs by angiogenic sprouting, a process in which different factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (Ang)-1/2 must act in a coordinated fashion. We investigated how these factors participate in capillarization of the cerebellum, an area...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00471-3
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The chick dermis is known to control the formation of feathers and interfeathery skin in a hexagonal pattern. The evidence that the segregation of two types of fibroblasts involves Delta/Notch signalling is based on three facts. Rings of C-Delta-1-expressing fibroblasts precede and delimit the forming feather primordi...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(98)00027-6
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The runt gene plays an important role in the genetic hierarchy that generates the segmented body pattern during the early stages of Drosophila embryogenesis. We studied mRNA expression in mutant embryos in order to investigate the regulation of runt transcription during these stages. We used sensitive whole-mount in s...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0925-4773(93)90019-t
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD44, the major cell-surface receptor for hyaluronate, is expressed on many cell types to mediate different functions including cell activation, homing and adhesion. The early pattern of CD44 expression was determined in the avian embryo by using a specific monoclonal antibody in whole-mount and tissue sections. CD44 ...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00347-6
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The transgenic sequences in the mouse line TKZ751 are demethylated on a DBA/2 inbred strain background but become highly methylated at postimplantation stages in offspring of a cross with a BALB/c female. In the reciprocal cross the transgene remains demethylated suggesting that imprinted BALB/c methylation modifiers ...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00329-x
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hairless is a dominant loss of function mutation in Drosophila affecting the formation of adult sensory organs. In the mutants, neuronal precursor cells do not differentiate, suggesting that Hairless might be involved in specifying or realizing neuronal fate in the fly, similar to the 'pro-neural' genes of the achaete...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0925-4773(92)90006-6
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we report the use of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and morpholino technologies to specifically 'knock down' gene expression in early postimplantation mouse embryos. Sequence specific interference mediated by either dsRNA or by morpholino has been a useful tool for studying gene function in several organisms. Howeve...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00191-0
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:XLPOU91, a POU-homeobox gene is expressed in a narrow window during early Xenopus development. We show that ectopic expression of XLPOU91 RNA causes severe posterior truncations in embryos without inhibiting the formation of Spemann's organizer. Ectopic XLPOU91 expression also inhibits mesoderm induction by fibroblast...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(98)00006-9
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Drosophila melanogaster, the patterning of dorsal appendages on the eggshell is strictly controlled by EGFR signaling. However, the number of dorsal appendages is remarkably diverse among Drosophila species. For example, D. melanogaster and D. virilis have two and four dorsal appendages, respectively. Here we show ...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(03)00164-3
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The enteric nervous system (ENS) derives from migratory neural crest cells that colonize the developing gut tube, giving rise to an integrated network of neurons and glial cells, which together regulate important aspects of gut function, including coordinating the smooth muscle contractions of the gut wall. The absenc...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2008.04.006
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nuclear orphan receptors are DNA binding proteins that share the domain structure of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, although ligands are unknown. We have identified an orphan receptor in Xenopus laevis and named it xGCNF based on its high degree of sequence homology to the previously described murine germ c...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(96)00599-0
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hair cell (HC) and supporting cell (SC) productions are completed during early embryonic development of the mammalian cochlea. This study shows that acutely dissociated cells from the newborn rat organ of Corti, developed into so-called otospheres consisting of 98% nestin (+) cells when plated on a non-adherent substr...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00642-6
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vertebrates display striking left-right asymmetries in the placement of internal organs, which are concealed by a seemingly bilaterally symmetric body plan. The establishment of asymmetries about the left-right axis occurs early during embryo development and requires the concerted and sequential action of several epig...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2004.05.005
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have isolated a Xenopus homologue of the zinc finger/homeodomain-containing transcriptional repressor Smad-interacting protein-1 (SIP1) from mouse. XSIP1 is activated at the early gastrula stage and transcription occurs throughout embryogenesis. At the beginning of gastrulation, XSIP1 is strongly expressed in prosp...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00318-x
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vegetally localized RNAs in Xenopus oocytes have been implicated in the establishment of the primary germ layers and the formation and development of the primordial germ cells. fatvg mRNA is localized through the late pathway to the vegetal cortex. Like Vg1 mRNA fatvg is distributed throughout the entire cortex; howev...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00517-7
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gastrointestinal tract is subdivided into regions with different roles in digestion and absorption. How this patterning is established is unknown. We now report that the pancreatic-duodenal homeobox 1 gene (pdx1) is also expressed in cells of the distal stomach. Positive cells include subpopulations of the three m...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(96)00609-0
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to analyze the expression pattern of the 5'-nucleotidase (5nt) gene in Dictyostelium, we made a fusion construct in which the 5nt promoter directed the expression of beta-galactosidase gene. The reporter gene was not active in vegetative amoebae but was expressed during the aggregation stage. At the slug stag...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00580-9
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Characterizing endogenous protein expression, interaction and function, this study identifies in vivo interactions and competitive balance between N-cadherin and E-cadherin in developing avian (Gallus gallus) neural and neural crest cells. Numerous cadherin proteins, including neural cadherin (Ncad) and epithelial cad...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.003
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent development of transgenic methods for the frog Xenopus laevis provides the opportunity to study later developmental events, such as organogenesis, at the molecular level. Our studies have focused on the development of the tadpole gut, where tissue specific promoters have yet to be identified. We have used m...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00217-8
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the sea urchin embryo, Nodal is the earliest known signal to play a role in the specification of the oral ectodermal territory. Nodal, a TGF-beta ligand, is first expressed in the presumptive oral ectoderm at approximately 7 H of development. Nodal overexpression produces a distinctive bell-shaped phenotype with ex...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2009.01.005
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Six genes are vertebrate homologues of the homeobox-containing gene sine oculis, which plays an essential role in controlling Drosophila compound eye development. Here we report the identification and expression patterns of all three subfamilies of Xenopus Six genes. Two Six2 subfamily genes (Six1, Six2) showed very s...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00572-4
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smad5, together with Smad1 and Smad8, have been implicated as downstream signal mediators for several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Recent studies have shown that primordial germ cells (PGCs) are absent or greatly reduced in Bmp4 or Bmp8b mutant mice. To define the role of Smad5 in PGC development, we examined P...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00367-7
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exogenously applied retinoic acid given at the early stages of gastrulation causes abnormal development of the caudal midbrain and anterior hindbrain in vertebrate embryos. We describe the limits of the brain regions that are affected using neuroanatomical criteria in the zebrafish embryo. Analysis of the reticulospin...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0925-4773(94)00321-d
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth is confined within a size that is normal for each species, revealing that somehow an organism 'knows' when this size has been reached. Within a species, growth is also variable, but despite this, proportion and structure are maintained. Perhaps, the key element in the control of size is the control of cell numb...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mod.2003.06.004
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The idea has been put forward that molecules and mechanisms acting during development are re-used during regeneration in the adult, for example in response to traumatic injury in order to re-establish the functional integrity of neuronal circuits. Members of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their 'ligan...
journal_title：Mechanisms of development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00431-2
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
