Abstract：
:Within a few years of the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their role in innate immunity, viral and bacterial proteins were recognized to antagonize TLR signal transduction. Since then, as TLR signaling networks were unraveled, microbial systems have been discovered that target nearly every component within these pathways. However, recent findings as well as some notable exceptions promote the idea that more of these systems have yet to be discovered. For example, we know very little about microbial systems for directly targeting non-cytoplasmic portions of TLR signaling pathways, that is, the ligand interacting portions of the receptor itself. In this review, we compare and contrast strategies by which bacteria and viruses antagonize TLR signaling networks to identify potential areas for future research.
journal_name
Curr Opin Immunoljournal_title
Current opinion in immunologyauthors
Rosadini CV,Kagan JCdoi
10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.011subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-02-01 00:00:00pages
61-70eissn
0952-7915issn
1879-0372pii
S0952-7915(14)00159-9journal_volume
32pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Until very recently, the function of CD14 was thought to be limited to innate immune responses to bacterial and other microbial structures. It is now known that macrophage CD14 serves an additional unexpected function, namely as a receptor involved in the recognition and phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. In ...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(99)00047-3
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:V(D)J recombination not only comprises the molecular mechanism that insures diversity of the immune system but also constitutes a critical checkpoint in the developmental program of B and T lymphocytes. The analysis of human patients with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) has enabled (and will enable in the fut...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00101-8
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For many years IL-33 has been widely studied in the context of T helper type 2 (Th2)-driven inflammatory disorders. Interestingly, IL-33 has now emerged as a cytokine with a plethora of pleiotropic properties. Depending on the immune cells targeted by IL-33, it is reported to not only promote Th2 immunity, but also to...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.004
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensing of RNA virus infection by the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) engages a complex signaling cascade that utilizes the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adapter protein to orchestrate the innate host response to pathogen, ultimately leading to the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses mediated by t...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2011.08.001
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in the field of cellular therapy have focused on autologous T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against tumor antigens. Remarkable responses have been observed in patients receiving autologous CD19-redirected T cells for the treatment of B-lymphoid malignancies. However, the...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.013
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Enteric microbial pathogens interact with the gut epithelium to establish infection. Recently, it has become clear that many microorganisms that colonize or traverse the intestinal mucosa do so via the specialized M cells. Recent work has shown that Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium specifically target M ce...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(95)80091-3
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Significant advances in research on the immunopathogenesis of leishmaniasis include the discovery of novel putative evasion and survival strategies of Leishmania parasites, a more detailed understanding of the function and regulation of interleukin-12, definition of molecules involved in cognate interaction between ma...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80040-9
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Suppressor T cells down-regulate the activity of other cells in the immune system, and, albeit controversial, are believed to play a role in immunological tolerance and immunoregulation. Significant progress has been made in characterizing suppressor T cells and their receptors, and in elucidating mechanisms of immuno...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(93)90061-v
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The past year has seen a spate of research in the use of HLA transgenic mice in the identification of self antigens associated with autoimmunity. Dominant T cell determinants - and, in a few cases, B cell determinants - have been characterized in the context of disease-predisposing HLA DR and DQ genes for at least thr...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(99)00060-6
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lack of information on the mechanisms of protective immunity to AIDS virus infection represents a major obstacle to the development of a rational strategy for an effective HIV vaccine. In macaques, immunization with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency viruses has induced the most potent protective immunity and con...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80118-0
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lymphoid cell differentiation relies on precisely orchestrated gene activation and repression events. Gene targeting studies have demonstrated crucial roles for the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos in regulating multiple stages of B and T cell development. Recent experiments suggest that Ikaros and Aiolos set B...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80028-4
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophages specifically engulf apoptotic cells but not healthy cells. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is localized at the inner leaflet of plasma membranes as a result of the action of flippases (ATP11A and 11C). When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase 3 cleaves and inactivates the flippases, while simultaneously cleaving ...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.007
更新日期：2020-08-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DC) are heterogenous, comprising several subpopulations of migratory and lymphoid-organ-resident types. Recent studies addressing the role of each subset in antigen presentation in vivo have revealed a complex division of labor within the DC network. In addition to CD8(+) DC, migratory lung or dermal ...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.011
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We are in a 'golden age' of mouse genetics. Genetic engineering and micromanipulation techniques now allow not only the overexpression or misexpression of transgenes randomly inserted into the mouse genome, but also the directed homologous replacement of normal genes with transgenes coding for null or mutant alleles (...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(95)80075-1
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type I and type II interferons (IFNα/β and IFNγ) are cytokines that play indispensable roles in directing myeloid cell activity during inflammatory and immune responses. Each IFN type binds a distinct receptor (IFNAR or IFNGR) to transduce signals that reshape gene expression and function of myeloid and other cell typ...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.014
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although twelve years have passed since the identification of HIV as the cause of AIDS, we do not yet know how HIV kills its target, the CD4+ T cell, nor how this killing cripples the immune system. Prominent theories include direct killing of infected CD4+ T cells by the action or accumulation of cytopathic viral DNA...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(94)90149-x
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The challenge for any vaccine design is to elicit protective humoral and/or cytotoxic immunity against life threatening pathogens while remaining innocuous. Neonatal vaccinology faces additional challenges linked to intrinsic peculiarities of the innate and adaptive neonatal immune system. These include anti-inflammat...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.004
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases result from the dysregulation of genetic and proteomic programs. In MS, the loss of immune homeostasis leads to aberrant targeting and destruction of the myelin sheath, which manifests as the clinical syndrome of MS. The advent of technologies to perform large-scal...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2003.09.015
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The past year has seen significant advances in our understanding of critical roles of negative immunoregulatory signals delivered through the B7-CD28 superfamily in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. Structural data on CTLA-4 have provided novel insights into the inhibitory functions of CTLA-4. Initial charac...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00341-2
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunotherapy of cancer through adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T-cells constitutes a more powerful strategy than attempts to mobilize the endogenous T-cell repertoire. Application of this technology in patients offers great opportunities towards a long-awaited breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. However...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.006
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intimate interactions between multipotential hemopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment work towards redefining the identity and the differentiative fate of these primitive cells. Molecular cues delivered by the microenvironment frequently act in an instructive fashion by initiating intracellular signaling path...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80139-2
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The emergence of new targeted therapies is rapidly improving the treatment of autoimmune disease. These drugs have been variably designed to deplete specific T and B cell subsets, interrupt receptor-ligand interactions, and inhibit the activity of inflammatory mediators relevant to immune function. Abatacept, a co-sti...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.008
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are two competing theories to explain the mechanism(s) by which cytolytic T lymphocytes kill target cells: granule exocytosis of a pore-forming protein, and contact-induced internal disintegration. Accumulated evidence supports alternative pathways in lymphocytoxicity, possibly reflecting distinct effector funct...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(91)90031-u
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NKT cells utilize a restricted alphabeta TCR repertoire that recognizes glycolipids in association with CD1d. The recent development of fluorescent CD1d tetramers loaded with the synthetic glycolipid alpha-galactosyl-ceramide has led to a clearer definition of NKT-cell subsets as well as important insights into their ...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00329-1
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Islets of Langerhans of all species harbor a small number of resident macrophages. These macrophages are found since birth, do not exchange with blood monocytes, and are maintained by a low level of replication. Under steady state conditions, the islet macrophages are in an activated state. Islet macrophages have an i...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.004
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Distinctions between tumor necrosis factor, TNF-alpha, and lymphotoxin, TNF-beta, have previously been based on the differences between their protein sequences, biological activity, and molecular regulation. In the past year, elucidation of the molecular nature of the two molecules and the interactions with common rec...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(92)90084-r
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A little more than a decade after the explosion of research into recombinant live-attenuated or replication-deficient viruses as vaccine platforms, many viral vector-based vaccines have been licensed for animals. Progress has been slower for humans but 2011 will see the licensure of the first viral-vectored vaccine fo...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.006
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) defines a family of lipid kinases that direct a wide range of cellular processes and cell fate decisions. Since its discovery, and that of its enzymatic antagonist PTEN, much of the focus on PI3K has been on its oncogenic potential. In recent years, studies on PI3K signaling in B lymph...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2011.01.001
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Proteasomes are large multicatalytic proteinase complexes which are responsible for the selective degradation of cellular proteins and the production of peptides for antigen presentation. Proteasomes are localized both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, where some are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membra...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80040-x
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Basophils are important effector cells, which contribute to protection against helminths and execute proinflammatory effector function during allergic inflammation. Basophils are also regulators of Th2 responses in helminth-infected hosts and in allergen-injected animals. Recently, three groups using different experim...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.018
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
