Abstract:
AIMS:To investigate the prevalence, seasonality and genotype distribution of human noroviruses (NoVs) in wastewater in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS:Influent and effluent water samples were collected monthly for a year from a wastewater treatment plant and examined for the presence of genogroups I and II (GI and GII) NoVs. Using real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays, 12 (100%) influent and six (50%) effluent samples were positive for both GI and GII NoV genomes, with a higher prevalence in winter. A total of 152 different NoV strains, comprising 84 GI and 68 GII strains, were identified using seminested RT-PCR assays followed by cloning and sequence analysis. These strains were classified into nine GI genotypes (GI/1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14) and 13 GII genotypes (GII/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15 and 16), showing considerable genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS:Based on the partial capsid gene sequences, we identified a great number of NoV strains belonging to many genotypes, demonstrating that genetically diverse NoV strains are co-circulating in aquatic environments and human populations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:Our results clearly demonstrate the seasonal trend and genetic diversity of NoVs in wastewater.
journal_name
J Appl Microbioljournal_title
Journal of applied microbiologyauthors
Kitajima M,Haramoto E,Phanuwan C,Katayama H,Furumai Hdoi
10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05231.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-03-01 00:00:00pages
605-13issue
3eissn
1364-5072issn
1365-2672journal_volume
112pub_type
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