Abstract：
:In recent years, interest has grown in the ability to manipulate, in a temporally precise fashion, the electrical activity of specific neurons embedded within densely wired brain circuits, in order to reveal how specific neurons subserve behaviors and neural computations, and to open up new horizons on the clinical treatment of brain disorders. Technologies that enable temporally precise control of electrical activity of specific neurons, and not these neurons' neighbors-whose cell bodies or processes might be just tens to hundreds of nanometers away-must involve two components. First, they require as a trigger a transient pulse of energy that supports the temporal precision of the control. Second, they require a molecular sensitizer that can be expressed in specific neurons and which renders those neurons specifically responsive to the triggering energy delivered. Optogenetic tools, such as microbial opsins, can be used to activate or silence neural activity with brief pulses of light. Thermogenetic tools, such as thermosensitive TRP channels, can be used to drive neural activity downstream of increases or decreases in temperature. We here discuss the principles underlying the operation of these two recently developed, but widely used, toolboxes, as well as the directions being taken in the use and improvement of these toolboxes.
journal_name
Curr Opin Neurobioljournal_title
Current opinion in neurobiologyauthors
Bernstein JG,Garrity PA,Boyden ESdoi
10.1016/j.conb.2011.10.023subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-02-01 00:00:00pages
61-71issue
1eissn
0959-4388issn
1873-6882pii
S0959-4388(11)00190-5journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Neuroepithelial cells, the progenitors to the CNS neurons and glia, undergo both symmetric and asymmetric divisions. Symmetric divisions underlie the proliferation of neuroepithelial cells that predominates early in CNS development. Asymmetric divisions are thought to generate the cell types derived from neuroepitheli...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80117-1
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Müller Glia (MG), the radial glia cells of the retina, have spectacular morphologies subserving their enormous functional complexity. As early as 1892, the great neuroanatomist Santiago Ramon y Cajal studied the morphological development of MG, defining several steps in their morphogenesis [1,2]. However, the molecula...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.005
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and at least two other unidentified central pacemakers regulate the temporal structure of a circadian network that involves almost every organ in the body. Phase control is central to the efficient function of this system. Individual circadian oscillators in tissues and ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2013.03.003
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of gene transfer techniques to express novel proteins within different cellular populations has provided insights into the function and plasticity of the brain. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to explore physiological processes within the CNS and to intervene in neurodegenerative disease an...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(94)90017-5
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The plasticity of the nervous system is due to the ability of neurons to change their properties by altering the function of their proteome. A major mechanism for this is through altering the amount of proteins by regulating their translation. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the elucidation of the mecha...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2010.03.011
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Motor behaviors result from information processing that occurs in multiple neural networks acting at all levels from the initial selection of the behavior to its final generation. A long-standing research interest is how single neural networks can help generate different motor behaviors, that is, the origin of motor f...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.003
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The polarity of neurotransmission mediated by the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) type A receptor depends crucially on intracellular chloride concentration, which is largely determined by the expression and function of cation/chloride co-transporters. Recent evidence shows how both activity and neurotrophic factors ca...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.002
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(91)90017-2
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.007
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.005
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2004.05.009
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic approaches at the neuromuscular synapse are leading investigation into the mechanisms of synaptogenesis. The marriage of classical (forward) and reverse genetic techniques allows the isolation and analysis of novel proteins involved in synaptic maturation and the functional in vivo characterization of previous...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80016-0
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2005.05.009
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2007.02.001
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the past year, our knowledge of neurotransmitter transporters has increased significantly. Recently, new members of two families of plasma membrane uptake carriers have been cloned, and the stoichiometries, physiological function and mechanisms of modulation of some of these transporters are now better understood. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(94)90096-5
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2014.04.005
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our ability to learn and control the motor aspects of complex laryngeal behaviors, such as speech and song, is modulated by the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), which is situated in the area 4 of the primary motor cortex and establishes both direct and indirect connections with laryngeal motoneurons. In contrast, the LMC...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2014.05.006
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parenting is essential for survival and wellbeing in many species. Since it can be performed with little prior experience and entails considerable sacrifices without immediate benefits for the caregiver, this behavior is likely orchestrated by evolutionarily shaped, hard-wired neural circuits. At the same time, experi...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.011
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensory gating mechanisms are deployed during vertebrate locomotion to ensure that adaptive and appropriate motor responses to afferent input occur during all phases of the movement cycle. Recent animal studies on the integration of cutaneous information have investigated the roles of interneurones in sensory gating. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(05)80032-7
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.002
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2015.09.002
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2008.04.003
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the twelve years since the molecular elucidation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1, a class III family of G-protein-coupled receptors has emerged; members of this family include the calcium-sensing receptor, the GABA(B) receptor, some odorant receptors and some taste receptors. Atomic structures of t...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00067-9
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of motor behaviour depends on the differentiation of underlying circuitry. Recent work with the zebrafish brings the simple swimming behaviour of lower vertebrates and their embryos into focus as a suitable model to study the development of motor circuitry and its genetic control. Changes in connectivi...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(99)00031-8
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A long standing goal in motor control is to determine the fundamental output controlled by the CNS: does the CNS control the activation of individual motor units, individual muscles, groups of muscles, kinematic or dynamic features of movement, or does it simply care about accomplishing a task? Of course, the output c...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.002
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to understand how brain activity produces adaptive behavior we need large-scale, high-resolution recordings of neuronal activity. Fluorescent genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) offer the potential for these recordings to be performed chronically from targeted cells in a minimally invasive manner. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.006
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite considerable skepticism, researchers have found that the patterns of muscle activation that control feeding behaviors of lower vertebrates have been surprisingly conserved during evolution. This tendency for conservation among taxa appears in the face of marked flexibility of motor patterns within individuals....
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00383-5
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have provided new insights into the role of presynaptic ligand-gated ion channels in modifying synaptic transmission. Along with a growing list of different types of presynaptic ionotropic receptors and the cell types that express them, there have been advances in characterizing the molecular components...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80118-8
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the past decade, developmental neuroscience has been transformed by the widespread application of confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Even greater progress is imminent, as recent innovations in microscopy now enable imaging with increased depth, speed, and spatial resolution; reduced phototoxicity; a...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.008
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reverse genetic techniques, including gene 'knockouts' and transgenesis, allow defined mutations to be introduced into the mouse genome. The application of these techniques to neurobiology is beginning to provide a bridge between genes and cognition. Specifically, genetically altered mice make it possible to explore m...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(95)80019-0
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
