Abstract：
:The principal point of this paper is that the discovery of penicillin and the development of the supporting technologies in microbiology and chemical engineering leading to its commercial scale production represent it as the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes. Our nomination of penicillin for the top therapeutic molecule rests on two lines of evidence concerning the impact of this event: (1) the magnitude of the therapeutic outcomes resulting from the clinical application of penicillin and the subsequent widespread use of antibiotics and (2) the technologies developed for production of penicillin, including both microbial strain selection and improvement plus chemical engineering methods responsible for successful submerged fermentation production. These became the basis for production of all subsequent antibiotics in use today. These same technologies became the model for the development and production of new types of bioproducts (i.e., anticancer agents, monoclonal antibodies, and industrial enzymes). The clinical impact of penicillin was large and immediate. By ushering in the widespread clinical use of antibiotics, penicillin was responsible for enabling the control of many infectious diseases that had previously burdened mankind, with subsequent impact on global population demographics. Moreover, the large cumulative public effect of the many new antibiotics and new bioproducts that were developed and commercialized on the basis of the science and technology after penicillin demonstrates that penicillin had the greatest therapeutic impact event of all times.
journal_name
Appl Microbiol Biotechnoljournal_title
Applied microbiology and biotechnologyauthors
Kardos N,Demain ALdoi
10.1007/s00253-011-3587-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-11-01 00:00:00pages
677-87issue
4eissn
0175-7598issn
1432-0614journal_volume
92pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章,评审abstract：:Optimization of yields and productivities in reductive whole-cell biotransformations is an important issue for the industrial application of such processes. In a recent study with Escherichia coli, we analyzed the reduction of the prochiral β-ketoester methyl acetoacetate by an R-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) t...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sucrose is the most abundant disaccharide in the environment because of its origin in higher plant tissues, and many Eubacteria possess catalytic enzymes, such as the sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolases and sucrose phosphorylases, that enable them to metabolise this carbohydrate in a regulated manner. This review describes...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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abstract：:This study was aimed to investigate the effect of a single-chain fragment variable antibody of connective tissue growth factor (anti-CTGF scFv) against the differentiation of fibroblast into myofibroblast. The scFv antibody was firstly expressed in Escherichia coli cells and was then purified by affinity chromatograph...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pullulan is a linear glucosic polysaccharide produced by the polymorphic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, which has long been applied for various applications from food additives to environmental remediation agents. This review article presents an overview of pullulan's chemistry, biosynthesis, applications, state-of-t...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:His-Asn-His (HNH) proteins are a very common family of small nucleic acid-binding proteins that are generally associated with endonuclease activity and are found in all kingdoms of life. Although HNH endonucleases from mesophiles have been widely investigated, the biochemical functions of HNH endonucleases from thermo...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Grapevines are sensitive to a wide range of fungal pathogens, including agents such as Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum that cause tracheomycosis. In the present study, a procedure for DNA extraction from grapevine woody tissue is first evaluated and shown to be suitable for quantitative anal...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Indigo is an insoluble blue dye historically used for dyeing textiles. A traditional approach for indigo dyeing involves microbial reduction of polygonum indigo to solubilize it under alkaline conditions; however, the mechanism by which microorganisms reduce indigo remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to identify...
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更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A gram-positive, hexavalent chromium [chromate: Cr(VI)]-tolerant bacterium, isolated from tannery waste from Pakistan, was identified as a Microbacterium sp. by 16S rRNA gene sequence homology. The strain (designated as MP30) reduced toxic Cr(VI) only under anaerobic conditions at the expense of acetate as the electro...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At present, more than 100 strains of Lentinula edodes are cultivated on a commercial scale in China. A simple, reliable, and effective method to distinguish some commercial strains of the superior type from other commercial strains is very important for the Lentinula industry. In this study, 23 commercial strains of L...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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doi：10.1007/s00253-008-1671-3
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epilactose (4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-mannose), an epimer of lactose, is a rare disaccharide existing extremely small quantities in heat-treated milk, in which epilactose is produced by non-enzymatic catalysis from lactose. This disaccharide is a kind of non-digestible carbohydrate, has a good prebiotic effect, and p...
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更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order for microalgae-based processes to reach commercial production for biofuels and high-value products such as omega-3 fatty acids, it is necessary that economic feasibility be demonstrated at the industrial scale. Therefore, process optimization is critical to ensure that the maximum yield can be achieved from t...
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journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Astaxanthin is a valuable carotenoid that is widely used in the aquaculture, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a carotenoid-synthesizing yeast strain that produces astaxanthin as its main pigment. Although metabolic engineering using gene manipulation is a valuable way to ...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
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