Abstract：
:Indigo is an insoluble blue dye historically used for dyeing textiles. A traditional approach for indigo dyeing involves microbial reduction of polygonum indigo to solubilize it under alkaline conditions; however, the mechanism by which microorganisms reduce indigo remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to identify an enzyme that catalyzes indigo reduction; for this purpose, from alkaline liquor that performed microbial reduction of polygonum indigo, we isolated indigo carmine-reducing microorganisms. All isolates were facultative anaerobic and alkali-tolerant Bacillus spp. An isolate termed AO1 was found to be an alkaliphile that preferentially grows at pH 9.0-11.0 and at 30-35 °C. We focused on flavin-dependent azoreductase as a possible enzyme for indigo carmine reduction and identified its gene (azoA) in Bacillus sp. AO1 using homology-based strategies. azoA was monocistronic but clustered with ABC transporter genes. Primary sequence identities were < 50% between the azoA product (AzoA) and previously characterized flavin-dependent azoreductases. AzoA was heterologously produced as a flavoprotein tolerant to alkaline and organic solvents. The enzyme efficiently reduced indigo carmine in an NADH-dependent manner and showed strict specificity for electron acceptors. Notably, AzoA oxidized NADH in the presence, but not the absence, of indigo. The reaction rate was enhanced by adding organic solvents to solubilize indigo. Absorption spectrum analysis showed that indigo absorption decreased during the reaction. These observations suggest that AzoA can reduce indigo in vitro and potentially in Bacillus sp. AO1. This is the first study that identified an indigo reductase, providing a new insight into a traditional approach for indigo dyeing.
journal_name
Appl Microbiol Biotechnoljournal_title
Applied microbiology and biotechnologyauthors
Suzuki H,Abe T,Doi K,Ohshima Tdoi
10.1007/s00253-018-9284-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-11-01 00:00:00pages
9171-9181issue
21eissn
0175-7598issn
1432-0614pii
10.1007/s00253-018-9284-yjournal_volume
102pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Targeted gene mutation by allelic replacement is important for functional genomic analysis and metabolic engineering. However, it is challenging in mutating the essential genes with the traditional method by using a selection marker, since the first step of essential gene knockout will result in a lethal phenotype. He...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-020-10405-5
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A cDNA encoding a bifunctional acetylxylan esterase/xylanase, XynS20E, was cloned from the ruminal fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum. A putative conserved domain of carbohydrate esterase family 1 was observed at the N-terminus and a putative conserved domain of glycosyl hydrolase family 11 was detected at the C-termin...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-009-2175-5
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In oyster ponds, the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia synthesises and excretes a hydrosoluble pigment of commercial interest called marennin. During the benthic stage, when algal cells are naturally immobilised in their own polysaccharides, marennin production is higher. To optimise this production, axenic cultures of H...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-002-0993-9
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Palm-oil mill fiber (POMF) is a fibrous, natural hard material discharged in enormous amounts from palm-oil mills in tropical plantations; therefore, research to find microorganisms that decompose POMF was conducted. As the result of screening, a new thermophilic fungus, Chaetomium sp. nov. MS-017, exhibiting rapid gr...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-002-1125-2
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microalgal based biofuels are discussed as future sustainable energy source because of their higher photosynthetic and water use efficiency to produce biomass. In the context of climate CO2 mitigation strategies, algal mass production is discussed as a potential CO2 sequestration technology which uses CO2 emissions to...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00253-011-3627-2
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cordyceps spp. is the herbal medication initially used in China and has been reported as the unique resource of cordycepin. Cordycepin exhibits many health benefits, including anti-photoaging and anti-pigmentation; therefore, it potentially is a bioactive ingredient of cosmetic products. In order to enrich cordycepin ...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00253-019-09623-3
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The active efflux system contributing to the solvent tolerance of Pseudomonas putida S12 was characterized physiologically. The mutant P. putida JK1, which lacks the active efflux system, was compared with the wild-type organism. None of 20 known substrates of common multi-drug-resistant pumps had a stronger growth-in...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002530000453
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an important role in the formation and activity of biofilms in wastewater treatment (WWT). The EPS of the denitrifying biomarker Comamonas denitrificans strain 110, produced in different culture media and growth modes, were characterized. The EPS mainly contained protein (...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-008-1817-3
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For ethical, technical, regulatory, and cost reasons, in vitro methods are increasingly used as an alternative to in vivo experimentations. The aim of the present study was to validate, according to in vivo data in living animals, a new in vitro model of the piglet colon, the PigutIVM, under both control conditions an...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-017-8122-y
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonadapted freshwater sediment slurries and sediment slurries adapted to dechlorinate 2,3-dichloropyridine (2,3-Cl2Pyd), 2,3-dichloroaniline (2,3-Cl2Anl), 2,3-dichlorophenol (2,3-Cl2PhOH), 3,5-dichloropyridine (3,5-Cl2Pyd), 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-Cl2Anl) and 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-Cl2PhOH) were studied to determine...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00164780
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biochemical processes in biogas plants are still not fully understood. Especially, the identification of possible bottlenecks in the complex fermentation processes during biogas production might provide potential to increase the performance of biogas plants. To shed light on the question which group of organism consti...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-014-5820-6
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fluoroaromatics are widely and--in recent years--increasingly used as agrochemicals, starting materials for chemical syntheses and especially pharmaceuticals. This originates from the special properties the carbon-fluorine bond is imposing on organic molecules. Hence, fluoro-substituted compounds more and more are con...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00253-015-6817-5
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Knowledge of tolerance of bacteria to toxic stress is important, especially for processes targeted at high final titers of product. Information on environmental limits and stress responses may help during selection of strains or design and control of processes. The influence of the main product and its co-products on ...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-014-6292-4
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acidogenesis is an important pretreatment process for various industrial wastewater treatments. Granular sludge is an efficient form of a microbial community in anaerobic methanogenic reactors, such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), but it is hard to develop in the acidogenic process due to the short hydrauli...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-015-7194-9
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chitooligosaccharides have important application value in the fields of food and agriculture. Chitosanase can degrade chitosan to obtain chitooligosaccharides. The marine metagenome contains many genes related to the degradation of chitosan. However, it is difficult to mine valuable genes from large gene resources. Th...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-020-10715-8
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ene-reductases originating from extremophiles are gaining importance in the field of biocatalysis due to higher-stability properties. The genome of the acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium "Ferrovum" sp. JA12 was found to harbor a thermophilic-like ene-reductase (FOYE-1). The foye-1 gene was ligated into a pET16bp exp...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-016-7782-3
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A phylogeny-guided approach was applied to screen endophytic fungi containing type I polyketide synthase (PKS I) biosynthetic gene sequences and aimed to correlate genotype to chemotype for the discovery of novel bioactive polyketides. Salicorn 58, which was identified as Talaromyces funiculosus based on its internal ...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-016-7311-4
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are alarming reports of growing microbial resistance to all classes of antimicrobial agents used against different infections. Also the existing classes of anticancer drugs used against different tumours warrant the urgent search for more effective alternative agents for treatment. Broad-spectrum bioactivities o...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00253-013-5473-x
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular mechanisms active during the endophytic phase of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia are still poorly understood. In particular, few data are available on the links between the endophyte and the root response, as modulated by noncoding small RNAs. In this study, we describe the microRNAs (miRNAs) that are...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-017-8608-7
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Electron transfer pathways for azoreduction by S. decolorationis S12 were studied using a mutant S12-22 which had a transposon insertion in ccmA. The results imply that there are two different pathways for electron transport to azo bonds. The colony of S12-22 was whitish and incapable of producing mature c-type cytoch...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-009-2376-y
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Engineering biosynthetic pathways in heterologous microbial host organisms offers an elegant approach to pathway elucidation via the incorporation of putative biosynthetic enzymes and characterization of resulting novel metabolites. Our previous work in Escherichia coli demonstrated the feasibility of a facile modular...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-009-2219-x
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seed-based expression system is an attractive platform for the production of recombinant proteins in molecular farming. Despite the many advantages of molecular farming, little is known about the effect of the different subcellular accumulation of recombinant proteins on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control ...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-015-6601-6
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Linkages among bioreactor operation and performance and microbial community structure were investigated for a fixed-bed biofilm system designed to remove perchlorate from drinking water. Perchlorate removal was monitored to evaluate reactor performance during and after the frequency and intensity of the backwash proce...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-011-3838-6
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells of an aerobic three-membered bacterial co-culture, designated as ECO3, capable of cometabolizing and aerobically dechlorinating low-chlorinated biphenyls in the presence of biphenyl, were immobilized on Manville silica beads, on frosted-glass beads and on polyurethane foam cubes in packed-bed bioreactors continu...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00578472
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Six local isolates of yeasts were screened for cell mass and lipid production in mixed glucose and xylose medium. Candida tropicalis SY005 and Trichosporon (Apiotrichum) loubieri SY006 showed significant lipid accumulation of 24.6% and 32% (dry cell weight), respectively when grown in medium containing equal mass of b...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-020-10443-z
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Drought, high/low temperature, and salinity are abiotic stress factors accepted as the main reason for crop yield losses in a world with growing population and food price increases. Additional problems create nutrient limitations and particularly low P soil status. The problem of phosphate fertilizers, P plant nutriti...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00253-012-4224-8
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Possessing three circular chromosomes is a distinct genomic characteristic of Burkholderia cenocepacia AU 1054, a clinically important pathogen in cystic fibrosis. In this study, base composition, codon usage and functional role category were analyzed in the B. cenocepacia AU 1054 genome. Although no bias in the base ...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-013-5415-7
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dialysis techniques are discussed as a means for effective removal of low-molecular-mass components from fermentation broth to reach high cell density. Reactor systems and process strategies, the relevant properties of membranes and examples for high-density fermentation with dialysis, and problems related to scale-up...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002530051312
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A novel β-glucosidase from Penicillium aculeatum was purified as a single 110.5-kDa band on SDS-PAGE with a specific activity of 75.4 U mg⁻¹ by salt precipitation and Hi-Trap Q HP and Resource Q ion exchange chromatographies. The purified enzyme was identified as a member of the glycoside hydrolase 3 family based on i...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-013-4828-7
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phytases are phosphohydrolases that initiate the sequential hydrolysis of phosphate from phytate, which is the main storage form of phosphorous in numerous plant seeds, especially in cereals and grains. Phytate is indigestible for most monogastric animals, such as poultry, swine, fish, and humans; therefore, microbial...
journal_title：Applied microbiology and biotechnology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00253-018-9308-7
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
