Abstract：
BACKGROUND:It has been shown that nontoxic concentrations of ethanol are absorbed after hand hygiene using ethanol-based hand rubs. This study investigated whether absorption of propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol from commercially available hand rubs results in measurable concentrations after use. METHODS:The pulmonary and dermal absorption of propanol during hand rubs was investigated. Rubs contained 70% (w/w) propan-1-ol, 63.14% (w/w) propan-2-ol, or 45% (w/w) propan-2-ol in combination with 30% (w/w) propan-1-ol. RESULTS:Peak median blood levels were 9.15 mg/L for propan-1-ol and 5.3 mg/L for propan-2-ol after hygienic hand rubs and 18.0 mg/L and 10.0 mg/L, respectively, after surgical hand rubs. Under actual surgical conditions, the highest median blood levels were 4.08 mg/L for propan-1-ol and 2.56 mg/L for propan-2-ol. The same procedure performed with prevention of pulmonary exposure through the use of a gas-tight mask resulted in peak median blood levels of 1.16 mg/L of propan-1-ol and 1.74 mg/L of propan-2-ol. CONCLUSION:Only minimal amounts of propanols are absorbed through the use of hand rubs. Based on our experimental data, the risk of chronic systemic toxic effects caused by hand rubs is likely negligible. However, our study did not evaluate the consequences of long-term daily and frequent use of hygienic hand rubs.
journal_name
Am J Infect Controljournal_title
American journal of infection controlauthors
Below H,Partecke I,Huebner NO,Bieber N,Nicolai T,Usche A,Assadian O,Below E,Kampf G,Parzefall W,Heidecke CD,Zuba D,Bessonneau V,Kohlmann T,Kramer Adoi
10.1016/j.ajic.2011.03.009subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-04-01 00:00:00pages
250-7issue
3eissn
0196-6553issn
1527-3296pii
S0196-6553(11)00227-6journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widely spread. In Brazil, 2,520 cases of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) infections after medical procedures were reported, with 5.4% of cases related to nonsurgical invasive procedures and with an occurrence of 1 clone (BRA100) of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp bo...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.019
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disease transmission from percutaneous injury occurs in 2% to 40% of health care workers (HCWs) after exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV), in 3% to 10% after exposure to the hepatitis C (HCV) virus, and in 0.2% to 0.5% after exposure to the HIV virus. According to a recently published case-control study from the C...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0196-6553(97)90094-8
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of infectious antibiotic resistant diarrhea. C. difficile spores are shed in patient stool, are hearty and difficult to kill. Bedpans are often used by patients with C. difficile infections and require proper handling and cleaning or disposal to prevent the transmiss...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.028
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Healthcare systems are expanding, no longer bound by county, state or country, thus necessitating the importance of consistent and standardized guidelines for the management and control of communicable diseases, including influenza. As a healthcare system consisting of diverse facilities with a focus not only on safe ...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.006
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison of 2 different influenza seasons (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) where early vaccination among health care providers (HCPs) in the latter was the difference. Differences in leave of absence because of influenza-like illness (ILI) (52 vs 15 [total number of leave of absence issued], P < .001) and total days of l...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.005
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Pathogens may be transmitted in hospitals via patients' own hands, but little is known about the facilitators and barriers of hand hygiene among inpatients. This study aimed to assess the hand hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adult inpatients at 5 hospitals. METHODS:The study consisted of a cr...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.020
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms, first identified in Germany in 1983, are now widely recognized as clinically relevant causes of infections in community. METHODS:Our objective was to evaluate the clinical and molecular epidemiology of community-onset, extended-spectrum beta-lacta...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2007.05.008
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a challenge for public health, and community-acquired (CA) infections seem to be increasing among people in different areas. METHODS:A total of 700 healthy student volunteers residing in dormitories of universities in Urmia, Iran, were enrolled in this s...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.034
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of the study was to describe the profile of patients and the characteristics of all bacteremias caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains in a teaching hospital and to assess the mortality related to these events. METHODS:A monocentric retrospective observational cohort study was conduct...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2015.05.004
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study explored the self-reported behaviors and perceptions of Australian paramedics in relation to their environmental hygiene practices. A national online survey was conducted with Paramedics Australasia members (N = 417). Participants reported working in ambulances often contaminated with body fluids. Widesprea...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2017.11.007
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) began publishing their series of Elimination Guides in 2007. Since then, 9 Elimination Guides have been developed that cover a range of important infection prevention issues, including the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infectio...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章,实务指引
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2010.08.003
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We observed an increased rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in our hematology unit in 2004-2007 without an identified environmental source. METHODS:We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate factors associated with P aeruginosa bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies. RESU...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2012.07.012
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Respondents (N = 473) from a randomized stratified sample (N = 600) of U.S. hospital ICPs in a national survey sponsored by the Certification Board of Infection Control were asked to rate specific task, knowledge, and ability statements related to infection control for frequency and importance. The questions included ...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0196-6553(84)90096-8
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of burn unit infections, the effect of these infections on the mortality rate, and antibiotic resistance pattern of the predominant bacteria isolated from children. Patients and method Epidemiologic data for 610 children, aged 0 to 15 years, admitted to ...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0196-6553(02)48226-0
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The potential risks associated with "toilet plume" aerosols produced by flush toilets is a subject of continuing study. This review examines the evidence regarding toilet plume bioaerosol generation and infectious disease transmission. METHODS:The peer-reviewed scientific literature was searched to identify...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intrahospital variations in antimicrobial profiles may be related to many factors. This study compared causative agents of nosocomial bloodstream infections between a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) that adopted a ward-tailored antibiotic policy and adult intensive care units (ICUs). Data on organisms from blood c...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.032
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. The objective of this study was to assess trends in racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among adults in the United States. METHODS:We analyzed data from the 2007-2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) a...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.021
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Candida auris presents a unique challenge to practitioners and infection control teams worldwide because of its virulence, alarming resistance profile, environmental fitness, and risk of nosocomial transmission. We describe 2 cases of Candida auris infection managed with the CDC recommendations with no evidence of in-...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.027
更新日期：2020-08-20 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Increasing evidence indicates a strong association between occupational livestock contact and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage. However, it remains unclear whether there are frequency-risk and duration-risk relations between occupational livestock contact and human MRSA carriage. ...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.026
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common nosocomial infection experienced by patients in United States hospitals and are responsible for significant morbidity and excess hospital costs. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a silver alloy, hydrogel-coated, urinary catheter in ...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2004.05.002
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) tops the list of threats to human health. Studies exploring predictors of mortality in patients with CRAB infection produced conflicting results. METHODS:A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed from incep...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2019.03.003
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are common and often preventable complications of care, with reduction emphasized in national policy. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services introduced an HAI-focused Hospital Acquired Condition Reduction Program in 2015 to penalize poor-performin...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.038
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a historic nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis affecting 4 inpatients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The cause was attributed to inadequate decontamination of an on-loan endoscope used over a weekend. This report highlights the risks of using on-loan endoscopes, parti...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.024
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Surgical site infections increase the morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with surgical care. An estimated 96.2 million surgical procedures are performed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) each year. This pilot study assessed the steam sterilization aspect of the surgical instrument reprocess...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.025
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Compliance with hand hygiene guidelines reduces the risk of health care-associated infection, yet doctors are less compliant than other health care workers. Use of observational hand hygiene auditing with targeted individualized feedback was implemented, with improved hand hygiene of consultant doctors; howe...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2018.12.024
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular evidence of Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination in a nursery is presented. Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b was isolated from the blood and the conjunctiva of a baby with neonatal sepsis who was born after septic amnionitis and premature rupture of membrane. Nine days later, the same bacterium was i...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1067/mic.2003.25
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important nosocomial pathogens in many hospitals. The true prevalence of VRE in pediatric hospitals is not known. METHODS:A surveillance study was performed at a pediatric tertiary care medical center by using vancomycin-containing screening media. RESULTS:Six chi...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1053/ic.1998.v26.a93115
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated 401 geriatric patients and 453 middle-aged patients with health care-associated bloodstream infection (HABSI) at a medical center during January-December 2014. Compared with middle-aged patients, the geriatric group had higher 30-day mortality (31.2% vs 23.4%, P = .01). Body mass index, serum albumin c...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2017.07.003
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We were alerted to increased rates of Clostridium difficile-positive tests at all 3 hospitals in our health care system by MedMined Data Mining Surveillance Service, CareFusion (San Diego, CA). In response, an intervention of terminal room cleaning with dilute bleach was instituted to decrease the amount of ...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2009.11.003
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although hand hygiene (HH) compliance has been an important issue for years, the compliance rate is still a problem in health care today. METHODS:This was an observational, prospective, before-and-after study. We measured HH knowledge and HH compliance before (baseline), directly after (poststrategy), and 6...
journal_title：American journal of infection control
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajic.2011.09.009
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
