Abstract：
:Gulf War Syndrome is a multi-system disorder afflicting many veterans of Western armies in the 1990-1991 Gulf War. A number of those afflicted may show neurological deficits including various cognitive dysfunctions and motor neuron disease, the latter expression virtually indistinguishable from classical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) except for the age of onset. This ALS "cluster" represents the second such ALS cluster described in the literature to date. Possible causes of GWS include several of the adjuvants in the anthrax vaccine and others. The most likely culprit appears to be aluminum hydroxide. In an initial series of experiments, we examined the potential toxicity of aluminum hydroxide in male, outbred CD-1 mice injected subcutaneously in two equivalent-to-human doses. After sacrifice, spinal cord and motor cortex samples were examined by immunohistochemistry. Aluminum-treated mice showed significantly increased apoptosis of motor neurons and increases in reactive astrocytes and microglial proliferation within the spinal cord and cortex. Morin stain detected the presence of aluminum in the cytoplasm of motor neurons with some neurons also testing positive for the presence of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, a pathological hallmark of various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. A second series of experiments was conducted on mice injected with six doses of aluminum hydroxide. Behavioural analyses in these mice revealed significant impairments in a number of motor functions as well as diminished spatial memory capacity. The demonstrated neurotoxicity of aluminum hydroxide and its relative ubiquity as an adjuvant suggest that greater scrutiny by the scientific community is warranted.
journal_name
J Inorg Biochemjournal_title
Journal of inorganic biochemistryauthors
Shaw CA,Petrik MSdoi
10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.05.019subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-11-01 00:00:00pages
1555-62issue
11eissn
0162-0134issn
1873-3344pii
S0162-0134(09)00180-9journal_volume
103pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:In an attempt to understand the aqueous interactions of Cr(III) with low-molecular mass physiological ligands and examine its role as an adipogenic metallodrug agent in Diabetes mellitus II, the pH-specific synthesis in the binary-ternary Cr(III)-(HA = hydroxycarboxylic acid)-(N,N)-aromatic chelator (AC) (HA = 2-hydro...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.001
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transition metal homeostasis is necessary to sustain life. First row transition metals act as cofactors within the cell, performing vital functions ranging from DNA repair to respiration. However, intracellular metal concentrations exceeding physiological requirements may be toxic. In E. coli, the YqjH flavoprotein is...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.016
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The interactions of proteins with reactive oxygen species (ROS) may result in covalent modifications of amino acid residues in proteins, formation of protein-protein cross-linkages, and oxidation of the protein backbone resulting in protein fragmentation. In an attempt to elucidate the products of the metal-catalyzed ...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.03.001
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to investigate the low-dose long-term Cr(VI) action on antioxidant enzymes in cultured mammalian cells we estimated the activity of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) under various chromium concentrations in human epithelial-like L-41 cells. The long-term action...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2003.12.014
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of ethylenediamine platinum(IV) complexes of the type PtIV(en)XA2 and PtIV(en)X'2A2, where X = 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato or malonato, X' = chloro, cyclobutanecarboxylato, cyclopentanecarboxylato, or cyclohexanecarboxylato, and A = acetato or trifluoroacetato were synthesized and characterized by elemental ...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0162-0134(93)80015-2
更新日期：1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chromium(VI) compounds (e.g. chromates) are cytotoxic, mutagenic, and potentially carcinogenic. The reduction of Cr(VI) can yield reactive intermediates such as Cr(V) and reactive oxygen species. Bronchial epithelial cells are the primary site of pulmonary exposure to inhaled Cr(VI) and are the primary cells from whic...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.12.030
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rat kidney selenium (Se)-containing proteins were studied by isotopic labeling with [75Se]selenite or [75Se]selenomethionine via three routes: oral, intraperitoneal injection, and incubation of kidney slices with the isotope. The two major Se-containing proteins in kidney were fractionated and partially characterized....
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0162-0134(88)80005-9
更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The stability constants of the mixed ligand complexes formed between Cu(Arm)2+, where Arm=2,2'-bipyridine (Bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), and the monoanion or the dianion of 9-(4-phosphonobutyl)adenine (dPMEA=3'-deoxa-PMEA), which is the carba analogue of the antivirally active 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenin...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00194-x
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anticancer activity of the new [Ru(η(5)-C5H5)(PPh3)(Me2bpy)][CF3SO3] (Me2bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) complex was evaluated in vitro against several human cancer cell lines, namely A2780, A2780CisR, HT29, MCF7, MDAMB231 and PC3. Remarkably, the IC50 values, placed in the nanomolar and sub-micromolar range, lar...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.01.011
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) methodology has been applied to immobilize cytochrome P450 BM3 variants (F87A and 21B3) with peroxygenase activity. Several Ru(II)-diimine complexes were found to be suitable cross-linking agents, surpassing the traditional glutaraldehyde and dextran aldehyde. They offer modular nu...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.06.001
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metals such as CuI and FeII generate hydroxyl radical (.OH) by reducing endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because antioxidants can ameliorate metal-mediated oxidative damage, we have quantified the ability of glutathione, a primary intracellular antioxidant, and other biological sulfur-containing compounds to inhib...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.010
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) generates superoxide, particularly at sub-optimal l-arginine (l-Arg) substrate concentrations. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was reported to inhibit superoxide generation from nNOS protein. However, commercially available Hsp90 product from bovine brain tissues with unspecified Hs...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111298
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The energy diagram for the catalytic cycle of dioxygen evolution in photosystem II has been recomputed using a slightly different model than the one used previously, since the results showed an erroneous trend in the critical region from S(2) to S(3). By replacing the bicarbonate ligand, which was bridging between cal...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.02.007
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twenty-seven sheep given either copper (Cu) and/or tetrathiomolybdate (TM) were used to study the subcellular distribution of Cu within the kidney and to monitor the location of lysosomes within the subcellular fractions using acid phosphatase (AP) as a marker enzyme. Copper dosing alone increased the Cu content in th...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0162-0134(89)84003-6
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aqueous solutions of the four highest vanadium oxidation states exhibit four diverse colors, which only hint at the diverse reactions that these ions can undergo. Cationic vanadium ions form complexes with ligands; anionic vanadium ions form complexes with ligands and self-react to form isopolyanions. All vanadium spe...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.12.009
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The peptide sequence PHSRN is the second cell binding site of the human fibronectin protein, a glycoprotein which plays a critical adhesive role during development, tissue repair and angiogenesis. The copper(II) complexes with the peptide fragment PHSRN were characterized by potentiometric and UV-visible, CD, EPR spec...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.04.002
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR) was treated with cadmium and after that its diaphorase reaction in the presence of dibromothymoquinone (DBMIB) or ferricyanide (FeCy, K(3)Fe(CN)(6)) was examined. CdSO(4) (5 mM) caused 50% inhibition after half hour incubation. At least two components were distinguishable in the...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.04.004
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vitamin B(6) derivatives 4-pyridoxic acid (anionic) and the Schiff base N,N'-ethylenebis(pyridoxylideneiminato) react with UO(2)(NO(3))(2) * 6H(2)O to give [UO(2)(beta-pyracinide)(2)(H(2)O)] (beta-pyracin=4-pyridoxic acid) and [UO(2)(Pyr(2)en)DMSO]Cl(2)(Pyr(2)en=N,N'-ethylenebis(pyridoxylideneiminato); DMSO=dimeth...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.06.004
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been recently reported that pyrophosphate, tri-polyphosphate, ATP and analogous ligands considerably decrease the yield of hydroxyl radicals by the Fenton reaction under conditions where [H(2)O(2)]>[Fe(II)L(n)]. It was suggested that this effect is due to the slowing down of the Fenton reaction by these ligands...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.01.009
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The antitumoral potential for a series of platinum iodido complexes, all bearing the same aliphatic amines (first iodido complexes generation), was demonstrated in a previous study. Concretely, cis complexes were shown to have a peculiar and different reactivity compared to cisplatin with sulfur donors models and Cyt ...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.04.010
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Palladium(II) complexes of 2-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (H2Bz4DH) and its N4-methyl (H2Bz4M) and N4-phenyl (H2Bz4Ph) derivatives were obtained and fully characterized. [Pd(2Bz4DH)Cl] (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a=11.671(1), b=10.405(1), c=13.124(1), beta=115.60(1) degrees and Z=4; ...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.11.022
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxyhemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin by copper(II) in a two-stage reaction that results in conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III) in heme of the beta subunits, but not the alpha subunits. Glutathione and other thiols, which are slowly oxidized by Cu(II), protect oxyhemoglobin from Cu(II)-induced oxidation. In the prese...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0162-0134(93)80038-b
更新日期：1993-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Several metal ions and their complexes have been known to mimic the action of insulin in in vitro and in vivo systems. We prepared a family of Zn(II) complexes derived from amino ligands with Zn(Nn) (n=3 and 4) coordination modes, the insulinomimetic activity being estimated by an inhibitory effect of free fatty acid ...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.04.011
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transition metals, such as Cu(+2), Mn(+2), and Co(+2), have been seen to catalyze the bicarbonate enhanced oxidation of a variety of substrates by H(2)O(2). In several of these cases it has been demonstrated that CO(2), rather than bicarbonate, is the enhancing species. Mechanisms that are in accord with the data invo...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.030
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracellular binding of cisplatin to non-DNA partners, such as proteins, has received increasing attention as an additional mode of action and as mechanism of resistance. We investigated two cisplatin-interacting isoforms of protein disulfide isomerase regarding their contribution to acquired cisplatin resistance usi...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.028
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cobalt(III) triarylcorroles containing 0-3 nitro groups on the para-position of the three meso-phenyl rings of the macrocycle were synthesized and characterized by electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, (UV-vis) and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The examined compounds are represented as (NO2Ph)(n)Ph(3-n)CorCo(PPh3), where n va...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.014
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To construct the model of metallohydrolase, two inclusion complexes [MLCl2(β-CD)] (1, M=Zn(II); 2, M=Cu(II); L=N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amantadine; β-CD=β-cyclodextrin) were synthesized by mixing β-CDs with the pre-synthesized complexes G1, [ZnLCl2] and G2, [CuLCl2]. Structures of G1, G2, 1 and 2 were characterized by...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.011
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) is a powerful and selective copper (Cu) chelator that is used as a therapeutic agent for Wilson disease. TTM is the sole agent that can remove Cu bound to metallothionein (MT) in the livers of Long-Evans rats with a cinnamon-like coat color (LEC rats). However, the administration of excess TTM...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.04.001
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sulfur- and selenium-containing amino acids are of great biological importance, but their metal-binding properties with biologically-relevant metal ions are not well investigated. Stability constants of the methionine, selenomethionine, methylcysteine, and methylselenocysteine with Cu(II) and Fe(II) were determined by...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.001
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The prostate gland of humans and other animals accumulates a level of zinc that is 3-10 times greater than that found in other tissues. Associated with this ability to accumulate zinc is a rapid zinc uptake process in human prostate cells, which we previously identified as the hZIP1 zinc transporter. We now provide ad...
journal_title：Journal of inorganic biochemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0162-0134(03)00249-6
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
