Abstract：
:The construction of artificial walking machines has been a challenging task for engineers for several centuries. Advances in computer technology have stimulated this research in the past two decades, and enormous progress has been made, particularly in recent years. Nevertheless, in comparing the walk of a six-legged robot with the walk of an insect, the immense differences are immediately obvious. The walking of an animal is much more versatile, and seems to be more effective and elegant. Thus it is useful to consider the corresponding biological mechanisms in order to apply these or similar mechanisms to the control of walking legs in machines. Until recently, little information on this paper summarizes recent developments.
journal_name
Trends Neuroscijournal_title
Trends in neurosciencesauthors
Cruse Hdoi
10.1016/0166-2236(90)90057-hsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-01-01 00:00:00pages
15-21issue
1eissn
0166-2236issn
1878-108Xpii
0166-2236(90)90057-Hjournal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Opium and its derivatives are potent analgesics that also have many other pharmacological effects in the nervous system. These agents and the endogenous opioid peptides exert their effects by interacting with high-affinity receptors. Complementary DNAs encoding the delta, kappa and mu opioid receptors have been isolat...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(93)90194-q
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most neurons are generated during development and are not replaced during adulthood, even if they are lost to injury or disease. However, it is firmly established that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of almost all adult mammals, including humans. Nevertheless, many questions remain re...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.005
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Purinergic receptors, represented by several families, are arguably the most abundant receptors in living organisms and appeared early in evolution. After slow acceptance, purinergic signalling in both peripheral and central nervous systems is a rapidly expanding field. Here, we emphasize purinergic co-transmission, m...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2008.10.001
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the classical picture of brain function, electrical impulses are initiated in sensory organs and spread rapidly down axons, jumping synaptic clefts by neurochemical transmission. Patterns of electrical activity generated in this way integrate information throughout the brain and result in coordinated motor output. ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(89)90089-1
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Launching a new neuroscience laboratory requires knowledge of purchasing, budgeting and personnel management. The usual training of scientific investigators omits these areas, at a time when experimental complexity is growing and Internet-based commerce offers new purchasing options. This review highlights laboratory ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02161-6
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Major themes in neuroethology concern the specificity of key stimuli, neurones tuned to such stimuli, and the release of corresponding behaviour. Neurobiological data from the analysis of visuomotor functions of prey-catching and avoiding in amphibians support the view that retinal outflow in different combinations is...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01042-9
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The existence of an endogenous cannabinoid system was demonstrated conclusively with the discovery of endogenous brain constituents capable of activating the cannabinoid receptors functionally. These compounds are synthesized by neuronal cells and inactivated through re-uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis by both neurons ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01283-1
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Benzodiazepines are widely used clinically to treat anxiety and insomnia. They also induce muscle relaxation, control epileptic seizures, and can produce amnesia. Moreover, benzodiazepines are often abused after chronic clinical treatment and also for recreational purposes. Within weeks, tolerance to the pharmacologic...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2011.01.004
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent years have seen a flourishing literature on detection of circulating autoantibodies against neurotransmitter receptors in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. These studies have generated hope for a better understanding of the underlying molecular dysfunctions and for appropriate therapeutic strategies. Ho...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.002
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compromise of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a potential basis for multiple physiological abnormalities and pathologies in the CNS. This could be because reduced protein turnover leads to bulk intracellular protein accumulation. However, conditions associated with compromised UPS function are also associated...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.003
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The 'thrifty gene hypothesis' posits that evolution preferentially selects physiological mechanisms that optimize energy storage to increase survival under alternating conditions of abundance and scarcity of food. Recent experiments suggest that endocannabinoids - a class of lipid-derived mediators that activate canna...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.006
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hormonal effects are increasingly recognized as important influences on neuronal function and, ultimately, on animal behavior. Such 'higher' behavioral effects are well studied, particularly in relation to sexually dimorphic behaviors. Yet, somewhat surprisingly, a significant proportion of more basic neuroscience res...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(92)90048-d
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:How the brain becomes lateralized is poorly understood. By contrast, much is known about molecular cues that specify the left-right axis of the body, fashioning the asymmetric morphology and positioning of the visceral organs. In zebrafish, the Nodal signaling pathway functions in visceral asymmetry and also in the em...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00129-2
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects females and is caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding-protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Initially, MeCP2 had been shown to be a repressor of gene transcription. In their 2008 paper, Chahrour and colleagues (DOI: 10.1126/science.1153252) reported that M...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2017.11.005
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Progress in migraine research has been rapid in recent years, from both the basic science and the clinical perspectives. A new internationally accepted headache classification with operational diagnostic criteria was published in 1988, eliminating much diagnostic uncertainty. More than a decade of study of regional ce...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(91)90171-p
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:How should evolution and development build the brain to be capable of flexible and generative cognition? I wish to put forth a 'power-of-two'-based wiring logic that provides the basic computational principle in organizing the microarchitecture of cell assemblies that would readily enable knowledge and adaptive behavi...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2015.09.002
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resolvins, including D and E series resolvins, are endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation from the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Resolvins have potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution actions in severa...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.005
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of central synapses to undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) still captures the imagination of scientists and has become one of the most fascinating and deeply studied questions in modern neuroscience. By the mid-1990s, however, the field was deeply ensnarled in trying to answer a passionately dichotomous q...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.07.002
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Currently available antibodies to the P2X(7) receptor are unreliable determinants of neuronal P2X(7) immunoreactivity, owing to staining of a "P2X(7)-like" protein that is not eliminated by legitimate P2X(7) gene-knockout approaches. Despite this, compelling electrophysiological and pharmacological data strongly suppo...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.03.003
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abundant tau-positive neurofibrillary lesions constitute a defining neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Filamentous tau pathology is also central to a number of other dementing disorders, such as Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and familial frontotemporal ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01337-x
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite its highly diffusible nature, the gaseous signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) can exert specific effects within the CNS and PNS. To date, the specificity of the actions of NO remains an unsolved puzzle. There are several plausible mechanisms that might account for this specificity in the context of autonomic...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02261-0
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Strong evidence has been provided that ATP can act as a transmitter not only in smooth muscle but also in peripheral ganglia and in brain. The cloning and molecular identification of two putative ATP receptors supports the previously established pharmacological receptor classifications. This review places into perspec...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(94)90016-7
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A defining feature of the vertebrate nervous system is the ensheathment of axons by myelin, a multilamellar membrane containing a small group of proteins and an abundance of the galactolipid galactocerebroside (GalC) and its sulfated derivative sulfatide. Several in vitro studies have suggested that these galactolipid...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01178-8
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CNS myelin inhibits axonal outgrowth in vitro and is one of several obstacles to functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Central to our current understanding of myelin-mediated inhibition are the membrane protein Nogo and the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR). New findings implicate NgR as a point of convergence in sig...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00062-6
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The hippocampus is thought to automatically encode all experience, yet the vast majority of our experiences are not remembered later. Although psychological theories have postulated the existence of decay processes for declarative memory, the corresponding neurobiological mechanisms are unknown. Here we develop the hy...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2013.05.002
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past several decades, lac permease has assumed almost tutelary proportions as a model for cotransporters. This archetypical membrane protein now exerts its influence by the most dramatic means possible: its structure is solved. This article describes the configuration and implied transport mechanism of the ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.007
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is generally thought that monoamines play a nonspecific role in modulating cortical activity. However, several lines of evidence now indicate that cortical monoaminergic afferents show remarkable anatomical specificity. In particular, there is unequivocal evidence for regional, laminar and intracortical specificity...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(89)90037-4
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both theoretical and experimental animal work supports the hypothesis that transient oscillatory synchronization of neuronal assemblies at gamma frequencies (30-100 Hz) is closely associated with sensory processing. Recent data from recordings in animals and humans have suggested that gamma-frequency activity also has...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.001
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The marriage of cognitive neurophysiology and mathematical psychology to understand decision-making has been exceptionally productive. This interdisciplinary area is based on the proposition that particular neurons or circuits instantiate the accumulation of evidence specified by mathematical models of sequential samp...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2019.10.001
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of synaptic connections in the electron microscope has established an 'elementary' circuit for the neostriatum which consists of a pathway from cortical areas (neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala) to medium spiny neurones of the striatum that also receive converging synaptic input from midbrain dopamine neurone...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(90)90106-k
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
