Idiopathic short stature.

abstract：:Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased fracture risk. Fracture as a complication of diabetes must be considered when evaluating and treating patients with...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kurra S,Fink DA,Siris ES

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of vitamin D receptors in diverse tissues like immune cells, beta-cells in the pancreas, and cardiac myocytes has prompted research to evaluate the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the occurrence of immune diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The expression of receptors not only in norma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Wolden-Kirk H,Gysemans C,Verstuyf A,Mathieu C

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses recent evidence that associates the developing intestinal microbiome to the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D. It attempts to identify avenues that should be pursued that relate this new evidence to interventions that eventually could result in prevention. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Neu J,Lorca G,Kingma SD,Triplett EW

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of morphologic and physiologic changes accompany pregnancy such as an increase in lactotrophs and prolactin production, and a decrease in gonadotropins and GH. The hormonal milieu can affect patients with prolactinomas, especially macroadenomas, to cause an increase in size in a minority of patients. Complica...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Prager D,Braunstein GD

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Levetan CS,Magee MF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The goal of this article is to differentiate the insulin resistance syndrome from the metabolic syndrome. In the case of the insulin resistance syndrome, the abnormalities and clinical syndromes that are increased in prevalence in insulin-resistant individuals have been summarized, with a brief discussion of the causa...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Reaven G

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With apparent failure of SU drug therapy, the management of NIDDM patients becomes even more challenging. The following sequence of actions is recommended. 1. Situational dietary noncompliance (eg, a prolonged vacation or a recent period of family or occupational stress) should be treated first by renewed regular cont...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Genuth S

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms found in diverse locations within the body. These tumors are commonly classified by the primary tumor's location, further subclassified by their differentiation, and finally segregated by their ability to hypersecrete peptides or amines. A number of groups have summarize...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Joseph S,Wang YZ,Boudreaux JP,Anthony LB,Campeau R,Raines D,O'Dorisio T,Go VL,Vinik AI,Cundiff J,Woltering EA

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male infertility is a common problem but only about one quarter of patients have specific or defined conditions that make them either sterile or severely infertile. About half of these patients have untreatable primary seminiferous tubule failure, and donor insemination or adoption are the only possibilities of having...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sherman SI

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The familial and genetic nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) syndrome was first pointed out by Wermer in 1954, who suggested that an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance controls the trait. The clinical picture is variable, depending mainly on which glands are involved and whether the tumors ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Larsson C,Friedman E

更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serum prolactin is reliably elevated by the antipsychotic drugs. Prolactin levels have been followed in psychotic patients during the use of these drugs as an indicator of underlying pathophysiology or as a reflection of drug activity. Considerable research is underway to elucidate further the potential clinical and r...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Green AI,Brown WA

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The liver is key to glucose homeostasis. Any disruption of its metabolism, structural integrity, or intracellular dynamics may alter the liver's ability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. When such disruption affects hepatic glucose output, hypoglycemia may eventuate. Multiple drugs including alcohol may alter th...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Arky RA

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency can be diagnosed with measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). Most vitamin D is derived from sunlight (80%), so serum 25OHD levels are lowest in late winter and early spring. Dietary vitamin D in North America is small, about 100 to 200 IU daily. A recent review of the...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Smith LM,Gallagher JC

更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute hyperkalemia can be a life-threatening consequence of a variety of pathologic, pharmacologic, and iatrogenic disorders. Recognition and prompt therapy often reverse the electrophysiologic complications within minutes. Therefore, physicians must have a thorough understanding of potassium homeostasis. The causes o...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Clark BA,Brown RS

更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes the main principles for the appropriate use of laboratory testing in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders, as well as controversies that have arisen in association with some of these biochemical tests. To place a test in perspective, its sensitivity and accuracy should be taken int...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Esfandiari NH,Papaleontiou M

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a novel method that assesses skeletal texture from spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS improves fracture-risk prediction beyond that provided by DXA bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors, and can be incorporated to the Word Health Organization Fracture...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Silva BC,Leslie WD

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize fo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Robles DT,Eisenbarth GS

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article describes the basic skills for the design, implementation, and interpretation of randomized controlled studies. Strengths and limitations of each study design are discussed. Epidemiologic issues in the analysis and interpretation of studies, such as loss to follow-up and biases, are included. Numerous cli...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Salamone LM,Cauley JA

更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past 40 years, meal skipping and snacking in US adults have increased, and currently most eating occasions occur later in the day than previously. Whether these changes have played a causal role in the obesity epidemic is poorly understood. Observational studies are largely inconclusive due to methodological ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： McCrory MA,Shaw AC,Lee JA

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenal venous sampling is the gold standard test to identify surgically curable primary aldosteronism, but it is markedly underused in clinical practice being perceived as a technically challenging and invasive procedure and, moreover, as difficult to interpret. This review provides updated information on current ind...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rossi GP,Maiolino G,Seccia TM

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The last 2 decades have seen tremendous growth in understanding the clinical characteristics of various childhood bone disorders, their mechanisms and natural histories, and their responses to treatment. In this review, the authors describe advances in bone assessment techniques for children. In addition, they provide...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ward LM,Konji VN

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitation...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dufour DR

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, slow-growing neoplasms characterized by their ability to store and secrete different peptides and neuroamines. Some of these substances cause specific clinical syndromes whereas others are not associated with specific syndromes or symptom complexes. NETs usually have episodic exp...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Vinik AI,Gonzales MR

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article covers considerations in the etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is discussed, with particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism and the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Clinical features of hypercalcemia are also discussed. Therapy of hypercalcemia is co...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bilezikian JP

更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Babey M,Brandi ML,Shoback D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypertension is an important and modifiable risk factor for the macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. Prior literature outlines the significance of lowering blood pressure and subsequent cardiovascular and microvascular benefits. Blood pressure targets of less than 140/90 mm Hg are recommended in ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dojki FK,Bakris GL

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although biotechnology has provided physicians with essentially unlimited supplies of growth hormone (GH), there are currently only a few clear-cut indications for exogenous GH therapy. Data now support the use of GH in the treatment of children with GH deficiency and short girls with Turner syndrome. Tantalizing prel...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Wilson DM

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ethnicity is a complex yet important construct and an independent risk factor for diabetic heart disease (DHD) with paramount clinical significance. Clinicians should try to better understand the role of ethnicity through more questions. The risk of DHD is modified by ethnicity through more questions. The risk of DHD ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dave JK,Kamdar VV

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00