Purine and pyrimidine transport in pathogenic protozoa: from biology to therapy.

abstract：:Plant cell wall consists mainly of the large biopolymers cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. These biopolymers are degraded by many microorganisms, in particular filamentous fungi, with the aid of extracellular enzymes. Filamentous fungi have a key role in degradation of the most abundant biopolymers found in...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Aro N,Pakula T,Penttilä M

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The P(II) proteins are one of the most widely distributed families of signal transduction proteins in nature. They are pivotal players in the control of nitrogen metabolism in bacteria and archaea, and are also found in the plastids of plants. Quite remarkably, P(II) proteins control the activities of a diverse rang...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Huergo LF,Chandra G,Merrick M

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The urogenital tract appears to be the only niche of the human body that shows clear differences in microbiota between men and women. The female reproductive tract has special features in terms of immunological organization, an epithelial barrier, microbiota, and influence by sex hormones such as estrogen. While the u...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Petrova MI,van den Broek M,Balzarini J,Vanderleyden J,Lebeer S

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenic compounds have been abundant at near toxic levels in the environment since the origin of life. In response, microbes have evolved mechanisms for arsenic resistance and enzymes that oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Formation and degradation of organoarsenicals, for example methylarsenic comp...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Mukhopadhyay R,Rosen BP,Phung LT,Silver S

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genome of bacteriophage fd has been engineered to allow foreign amino acid sequences to be displayed in the exposed N-terminal segment of the major coat protein in the virus particle: small peptides can be encoded directly; larger peptides are encoded in hybrid virions, in which wild-type coat protein subunits are...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Perham RN,Terry TD,Willis AE,Greenwood J,di Marzo Veronese F,Appella E

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The head assembly pathway of bacteriophage HK97 shares many features with head assembly pathways determined for other dsDNA phages, and it also provides examples of novel variations on the basic theme. We describe aspects of two specific steps in the assembly pathway, the covalent cross-linking among the assembled hea...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Duda RL,Martincic K,Xie Z,Hendrix RW

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heat-shock proteins (hsps) have been identified as molecular chaperones conserved between microbes and man and grouped by their molecular mass and high degree of amino acid homology. This article reviews the major hsps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, their interactions with trehalose, the effect of fermentation and the r...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Burnie JP,Carter TL,Hodgetts SJ,Matthews RC

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:More than a century ago, the term 'virus' was introduced to describe infectious agents that are invisible by light microscopy and capable of passing through sterilizing filters. In addition to their extremely small size, most viruses have minimal genomes and gene contents, and rely almost entirely on host cell-encoded...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Abergel C,Legendre M,Claverie JM

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The wealth of information existing on the general principle of S-layers has revealed a broad application potential. The most relevant features exploited in applied S-layer research are: (i) pores passing through S-layers show identical size and morphology and are in the range of ultrafiltration membranes; (ii) functio...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Sleytr UB,Bayley H,Sára M,Breitwieser A,Küpcü S,Mader C,Weigert S,Unger FM,Messner P,Jahn-Schmid B,Schuster B,Pum D,Douglas K,Clark NA,Moore JT,Winningham TA,Levy S,Frithsen I,Pankovc J,Beale P,Gillis HP,Choutov

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus dominate the prokaryotic component of the picophytoplankton in the oceans. It is still less than 10 years since the discovery of phages that infect marine Synechococcus and the beginning of the characterisation of these phages and assessment of their ecolog...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Mann NH

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The microsporidia are a diverse phylum of obligate intracellular parasites related to the fungi that cause significant and sometimes life-threatening disease in immune-compromised hosts, such as AIDS and organ transplant patients. More recently, their role in causing pathology in immune-competent populations has also ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ghosh K,Weiss LM

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metals are required cofactors for numerous fundamental processes that are essential to both pathogen and host. They are coordinated in enzymes responsible for DNA replication and transcription, relief from oxidative stress, and cellular respiration. However, excess transition metals can be toxic due to their ability t...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Becker KW,Skaar EP

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most bacteria pathogenic for humans have closely related nonpathogenic counterparts that live as saprophytes, commensals or even symbionts (mutualists) in similar or different habitats. The knowledge of how these bacteria adapt their metabolism to the preferred habitats is critical for our understanding of pathogenesi...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Fuchs TM,Eisenreich W,Heesemann J,Goebel W

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Meningococcal disease is a serious and rapidly progressing illness. It is therefore very important to monitor changes in the level of antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates. Different aspects such as interpretation of laboratory results, determination of breakpoints predicting treatment failure as well as d...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Vázquez JA,Enriquez R,Abad R,Alcalá B,Salcedo C,Arreaza L

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small regulatory RNAs have been identified in a wide range of organisms, where they modify mRNA stability, translation or protein function. Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) either pair with mRNA targets or modify protein activities. Here we discuss current knowledge of the various proteins that interact with RNA regulator...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Pichon C,Felden B

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our knowledge regarding the nature and development of microbial biofilms has grown significantly since the first report of these communities by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600s. Nevertheless, most biofilm studies examine mono-species cultures, whereas nearly all biofilm communities in nature comprise a variet...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Elias S,Banin E

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:N-Substituted aromatic compounds are environmental contaminants associated with the production and use of dyes, explosives, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In this article, we examine the potential of anaerobic granular sludge from anaerobic treatment systems towards the detoxification, transformation, and mineralizat...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Razo-Flores E,Donlon B,Lettinga G,Field JA

更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this paper, it is suggested that specificity and non-specificity in (oral) microbial adhesion are different expressions for the same phenomena. It is argued that the same basic, physicochemical forces are responsible for so-called 'non-specific' and 'specific' binding and that from a physico-chemical point of view ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Busscher HJ,Cowan MM,van der Mei HC

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Legionella pneumophila is naturally found in fresh water were the bacteria parasitize within protozoa. It also survives planctonically in water or biofilms. Upon aerosol formation via man-made water systems, L. pneumophila can enter the human lung and cause a severe form of pneumonia, called Legionnaires' disease. The...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Steinert M,Hentschel U,Hacker J

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gram-positive bacteria have developed elaborate mechanisms to control ammonium assimilation, at the levels of both transcription and enzyme activity. In this review, the common and specific mechanisms of nitrogen assimilation and regulation in Gram-positive bacteria are summarized and compared for the genera Bacillus,...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Amon J,Titgemeyer F,Burkovski A

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Targeted manipulation of the gut flora is increasingly being recognized as a means to improve human health. Yet, the temporal dynamics and intra- and interindividual heterogeneity of the microbiome represent experimental limitations, especially in human cross-sectional studies. Therefore, rodent models represent an in...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Laukens D,Brinkman BM,Raes J,De Vos M,Vandenabeele P

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last decade, a variety of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria have been identified and characterized. As a result of these studies, insight has been gained into fundamental aspects of biology and biochemistry such as producer self protection, membrane-...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ennahar S,Sashihara T,Sonomoto K,Ishizaki A

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thioredoxin is a small (Mr 12,000) ubiquitous redox protein with the conserved active site structure: -Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-. The oxidized form (Trx-S2) contains a disulfide bridge which is reduced by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase; the reduced form [Trx(SH)2] is a powerful protein disulfide oxidoreductase. Thioredoxi...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Gleason FK,Holmgren A

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are remarkable organisms with the ability to exploit the earth's magnetic field for navigational purposes. To do this, they build specialized compartments called magnetosomes that consist of a lipid membrane and a crystalline magnetic mineral. These organisms have the potential to serve as ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Komeili A

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the present review, we aim to provide a general introduction to different facets of the arms race between pathogens and their hosts/environment, emphasizing its evolutionary aspects. We focus on vector-borne parasitic protozoa, which have to adapt to both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Using Leishmania, Trypano...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Caljon G,De Muylder G,Durnez L,Jennes W,Vanaerschot M,Dujardin JC

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conditions that sustain constant bacterial growth are seldom found in nature. Oligotrophic environments and competition among microorganisms force bacteria to be able to adapt quickly to rough and changing situations. A particular lifestyle composed of continuous cycles of growth and starvation is commonly referred to...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Navarro Llorens JM,Tormo A,Martínez-García E

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the 1960s, several new attempts have been made to improve the management of single prokaryotic cells using micromanipulator techniques. In order to facilitate the isolation of pure cultures we have recently developed an improved micromanipulation method for routine work. With the aid of this method single prokar...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Fröhlich J,König H

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For many years, the bacterial cells were regarded as tiny vessels lacking internal organization. This view, which stemmed from the scarcity of membrane-bounded organelles, has changed considerably in recent years, mainly due to advancements in imaging capabilities. Consequently, despite the rareness of conventional or...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Govindarajan S,Nevo-Dinur K,Amster-Choder O

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium that is found throughout various environments. Members of the species P. putida show a diverse spectrum of metabolic activities, which is indicative of their adaptation to various niches, which includes the ability to live in soils and sediments con...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Wu X,Monchy S,Taghavi S,Zhu W,Ramos J,van der Lelie D

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of peptidases and proteases have been identified in Escherichia coli. Although their specific physiological roles are often not known, some of them have been shown to be involved in: the maturation of nascent polypeptide chains; the maturation of protein precursors; the signal peptide processing of exported p...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Lazdunski AM

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00