Abstract：
:For more than a century dendritic spines have been a source of fascination and speculation. The long-held belief that these anatomical structures are involved in learning and memory are addressed. Specifically, two lines of evidence that support this claim are reviewed. In the first, we review evidence that experimental manipulations that affect dendritic spine number in the hippocampus also affect learning processes of various sorts. In the second, we review evidence that learning itself affects the presence of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. Based on these observations, we propose that the presence of spines enhances synaptic efficacy and thereby the excitability of the network involved in the learning process. With this scheme, learning is not dependent on changes in spine density but rather changes in the presence of dendritic spines provide anatomical support for the processing of novel information used in memory formation.
journal_name
Mol Neurobioljournal_title
Molecular neurobiologyauthors
Leuner B,Shors TJdoi
10.1385/MN:29:2:117subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-04-01 00:00:00pages
117-30issue
2eissn
0893-7648issn
1559-1182pii
MN:29:2:117journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Genetic disruptions of spindle/centrosome-associated WD40-repeat protein 62 (WDR62) are causative for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and a broader range of cortical malformations. Since the identification of WDR62 as encoded by the MCPH2 locus in 2010, recent studies that have deleted/depleted WDR62 i...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-017-0778-x
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article reviews a lecture I was honored to present at the Leon Wolfe Symposium in Montreal on March 25, 2004. The lecture described my research career, which started with my interaction with Wolfe at the Montreal Neurological Institute as a postdoctoral fellow and research associate and was followed by additional...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/mn:32:1:019
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in key cellular processes in developing and adult nervous system, including regulation of neuronal migration, synapse formation, and plasticity. Most of these roles are mediated by the intracellular phosphorylation of disabled-1 (Dab1), an intracellular adaptor molecule...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-016-0177-8
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endocannabinoid system (ECS) actively participates in several physiological processes within the central nervous system. Among such, its involvement in the downregulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) through a modulatory input at the cannabinoid receptors (CBr) has been established. After its produ...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-018-1129-2
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:α-Synuclein, an abundant and conserved presynaptic brain protein, is implicated as a critical factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aggregation of α-synuclein is believed to be a critical event in the disease process. α-Synuclein is characterized by a remarkable conformational plasticity, adopting different conforma...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-014-8818-2
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:HIV infection and drugs of abuse induce oxidative stress and redox imbalance, which cause neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which HIV infection and cocaine consumption affect astrocyte energy metabolism, and how this leads to neurodegenerative dysfunction, remain poorly understood. Presently, we investigated how ox...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-020-02131-w
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1a) or CXCL12 is an important cytokine with multiple functions in the brain during development and in adulthood. The inflammatory response initiated by spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the processing of interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) and IL-18 mediated by caspase-1 which is under t...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-015-9203-5
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metals perform important functions in the normal physiological system, and alterations in their levels may lead to a number of diseases. Aluminium (Al) has been implicated as a major risk factor, which is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. On the other h...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-014-8643-7
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a neuroprotective transcription factor that has recently attracted increased attention. Stroke, a common and serious neurological disease, is currently a leading cause of death in the USA so far. It is therefore of vital importance to explore how Nrf2 behaves in st...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-016-9707-7
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Melanocortins are peptides with well-recognized antiinflammatory and neuroprotective activity. No data are currently available on melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R) gene polymorphisms and tumors, including glioblastomas (GBMs), or their relationship with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate ...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s12035-017-0414-9
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms by which inflammation affects the different emotional moods are only partially known. Previous works have pointed to stress hormones like glucocorticoids plus the vascular factor endothelin-1 as key factors evoking stressful states especially in relation to endothelial dysfunctions. With this work, it w...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-016-0171-1
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smarcd1 is a component of an evolutionary conserved chromatin remodeling complex-SWI/SNF, which is involved in transcription factor recruitment, DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Suppression of the SWI/SNF complex required for cellular differentiation and gene regulation may be inducible for cell proliferati...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-020-02190-z
更新日期：2020-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Structural rearrangements of chromosome 10 are frequently observed in glioblastoma multiforme and over 80 % of tumour samples archived in the catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer database had gene copy number loss for PI4K2A which encodes phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIalpha. PI4K2A loss of heterozygosity mi...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-014-9034-9
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Due to the prevalence of neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy in modern societies, defining new and efficient strategies for the treatment of these two neurodegenerative diseases has become a vital and still unfulfilled urge. Several lines of experimental evidence h...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-007-0027-9
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurological dysfunction as a result of neuroinflammation has been reported in sepsis and cause high mortality. High levels of cytokines stimulate the formation of neurotoxic metabolites by kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Vitamin B6 (vit B6) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and also acts as a cofactor for en...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-017-0706-0
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the field of the neurobiology of learning, significant emphasis has been placed on understanding neural plasticity within a single structure (or synapse type) as it relates to a particular type of learning mediated by a particular brain area. To appreciate fully the breadth of the plasticity responsible for complex...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/MN:21:1-2:057
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders whose common characteristic is the progressive degeneration of neuronal structure and function. Although much knowledge has been accumulated on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases over the years, more efforts are needed to understand...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-018-1031-y
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In neurons, the convergence of multiple intracellular signaling cascades leading to cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) activation suggests that this transcription factor plays a critical role in integrating different inputs and mediating appropriate neuronal responses. The nature of this transcriptional re...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-011-8209-x
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gammaretroviral human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families MRSV/HERV-W and HERV-H (including the closely related HERV-Fc1) are associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Complete HERV sequences betray their endogenous retroviral origin, with open reading frames in gag, pro, pol and env being fl...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-018-1255-x
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperpalatable diets (HP) impair brain metabolism, and regular physical exercise has an apparent opposite effect. Here, we combined a prior long-term exposure to HP diet followed by physical exercise and evaluated the impact on some neuroenergetic components and on cognitive performance. We assessed the extracellular ...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-016-0119-5
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, deregulated microRNA (miRNA) expression contributes to the development and progression of human glioblastoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of miR-154 and Wnt5a in glioblastoma tissues and cells. We further investigated the molecular mechanisms of miR-154 and Wnt5a in glioblastoma ce...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,收录出版
doi：10.1007/s12035-016-9867-5
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxidative stress-induced damage is a major mechanism in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A recent human clinical trial showed that the combination of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and pterostilbene (PT), molecules with potential to interfere in that mechanism, was efficacious in ALS patients. W...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-020-02188-7
更新日期：2020-11-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies are characterized by the presence of intra-neuronal protein aggregates enriched in the presynaptic protein α-synuclein. α-synuclein is considered an intrinsically disordered 14 kDa monomer, and although poorly understood, its transition to higher-order multimeric species...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-016-0266-8
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear, some molecular aspects that precede or accompany the deposit of β-amyloid in senile plaques attract attention, such as calcium dysregulation and neuroinflammation. It has been suggested that the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcin...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-019-01718-2
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroinflammation is the primary response by immune cells in the nervous system to protect against infection. Chronic and uncontrolled neuroinflammation triggers neuronal injury and neuronal death resulting in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, fine tuning of the immune response in the nervous system...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12035-020-02066-2
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although statins, or hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-Co A) reductase inhibitors, are generally used to decrease levels of circulating cholesterol, they have also been reported to have neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms. However, recent results have indicated that they may be harmful in patients w...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-014-9030-0
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conventional antidepressant drugs elevate the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters. However, these pharmacological therapies have limited efficacy and a slow onset of action as main limitations. New glutamatergic drugs such as ketamine have shown promise as a rapid-acting antidepressant drugs although with adve...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-020-01954-x
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is a major feature in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using neural stem or progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs), the prospect of replacing the missing or damaged DA neurons is very attractive for PD therapy. However, little is known about the endogen...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-018-1005-0
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the developing mammalian, neocortex gap junctions represent a transient, metabolic, and electrical communication system. These gap junctions may play a crucial role during the formation and refinement of neocortical synaptic circuitries. This article focuses on two major points. First, the influence of gap junction...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02755590
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-O3PUFAs) exhibit therapeutic potential for the treatment and prevention of the neurological deficits associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the mechanisms implicated in these protective responses remain unclear. The objective of the present functional meta...
journal_title：Molecular neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12035-014-8701-1
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
